Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it:
A new analysis has determined that the threat of global warming can still be greatly diminished if nations cut emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases by 70% this century. The analysis was done by scientists at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). While global temperatures would rise, the most dangerous potential aspects of climate change, including massive losses of Arctic sea ice and permafrost and significant sea level rise, could be partially avoided.
“This research indicates that we can no longer avoid significant warming during this century,” said NCAR scientist Warren Washington, the study paper’s lead author. “But, if the world were to implement this level of emission cuts, we could stabilize the threat of climate change,” he added.
Average global temperatures have warmed by close to 1 degree Celsius since the pre-industrial era. Much of the warming is due to human-produced emissions of greenhouse gases, predominantly carbon dioxide. This heat-trapping gas has increased from a pre-industrial level of about 284 parts per million (PPM) in the atmosphere to more than 380 PPM today. With research showing that additional warming of about 01 degree C may be the threshold for dangerous climate change, the European Union has called for dramatic cuts in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
To examine the impact of such cuts on the world’s climate, Washington and its colleagues ran a series of global studies with the NCAR – based community climate system model (CCSM). They assumed that carbon dioxide level should be held to 450 PPM level at the end of this century. In contrast, emissions are now on track to reach about 750 PPM by 2100 if unchecked. The team’s result showed that if carbon dioxide were held to 450 PPM, global temperatures would increase by 0.6 degree Celsius above current readings by the end of the century. In contrast, the study showed that temperatures would rise by almost four times that amount, to 2.2 degree Celsius above current readings, if emissions were allowed to continue on their present course. Holding carbon dioxide levels to 450 PPM would have other impacts, according to the climate modelling study.
Sea-level rise due to thermal expansion as water temperatures warmed would be 14 centimetres (about 5.5 inches) instead of 22 centimetres (8.7 inches). Also, Arctic ice in the summertime would shrink by about a quarter in volumes and stabilize by 2100, as opposed to shrinking at least three-quarters and continuing to melt, and Arctic warming would be reduced by almost half.