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Consider the following statements with reference to Warren Hastings, the British governor-general in India:
1. He set up the Calcutta Madrasa to enable a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the British courts.
2. He experimented with the land revenue by auctioning the right to collect revenue to the highest bidders.
3. He entered into a peace agreement with Tipu Sultan by signing the Treaty of Seringapatam.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
• Warren Hastings became the Governor of Bengal in 1772 and in 1774. He became the first GovernorGeneral of Bengal. When he became the Governor of Bengal, he had to face many problems. The ‘Dual Government’ had caused confusion and disorder in the state. There was no satisfactory arrangement for the collection of revenue and the revenue income was irregular. The treasury was empty and there was terrible famine in the country. Warren Hastings carried out a large number of reforms which are: • In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects; and, in 1791, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi, where he was the Resident, for the study of Hindu Law and Philosophy. Both these institutions were designed to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the courts of the Company. • Administrative Reforms: Warren Hastings put an end to the dual system of government in Bengal which was established by Robert Clive in 1765. The Company took over the responsibility of the administration of the province and started to collect the revenue through the agency of its own servants. Mohammad Reza Khan and Raja Sitab Rai, who were the Deputy Nawabs of Bengal and Bihar, were removed from their offices. The treasury was shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta and it became the seat of government. • Revenue Reforms: Although the Company had got the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765, the work of a collection of land revenue had been left in the hands of amils. Warren Hastings decided that the Company must directly collect the revenue. Consequently, he appointed collectors for revenue collection and administration, who were to be helped by native officers. Settlement was made for five years with the highest bidders. To supervise the whole organization, a Board of Revenue was established at Calcutta. This revenue system was found to be defective and consequently, in 1777, the old system of bidding for a year was resorted to. He made the account of revenue simple and intelligible and made many provisions for the protection of ryots. • Economic Reforms: Warren Hastings prohibited the used of dastaks by the servants of the Company and thereby added to the revenues of the Company. He abolished a large number of custom houses or chowkies as they were hampering the growth of trade in the country. He reduced the duties on all goods except salt, betel nut and tobacco. • Judicial Reforms: Warren Hastings carried out a large number of reforms in the judicial sphere. In 1772, he established Diwani Adalat (Civil Court) and a Faujdari Adalat (Criminal Court) in each district. The Diwani Adalat was presided over by the English collector and Faujdari Adalat was presided over by Indian officers Qazis and Muftis. Two courts of appeal were established at Calcutta. They are the Sadar Diwani Adalat (the Supreme of Civil Court) and the Sadar Nizamat Adalat (the Supreme Criminal Court) which heard appeals from the Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat respectively. He also compiled a simple code about the personal laws of Hindus and Muslims. • The Treaty of Seringapatam, signed in 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. • Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct and 3 is not correct.
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