Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follows.

The happy man is the man who lives objectively, who has free affections and wide interests, who secures his happiness through these interests and affections and through the fact that they, in turn, make him an object of interest and affection to many others. To be a recipient of affection is a potent cause of happiness, but the man who demands affection is not the man upon whom it is bestowed. The man who receives affection is, speaking broadly, the man who gives it. But it is useless to attempt to give it as a calculation, in the way in which one might lend money at interest, for a calculated affection is not genuine and is not felt to be so by the recipient. What then can a man do who is unhappy because he is encased in self ? So long as he continues to think about the causes of his unhappiness, he continues to be self-centred and therefore does not get outside the vicious circle, if he is to get outside it, it must be by genuine interests, not by simulated interests adopted merely as a medicine. Although this difficulty is real, there is nevertheless much that he can do if he has rightly diagnosed his trouble. If, for example, his trouble is due to a sense of sin, conscious or unconscious, he can first persuade his conscious mind that he has no reason to feel sinful, and then proceed to plant this rational conviction in his unconscious mind, concerning himseif meanwhile with some more or less neutral activity. If he succeeds in dispelling the sense of sin, it is possible that genuine objective interests will arise spontaneously. If his trouble is self-pity, he can deal with it in the same manner after first persuading himself that there is nothing extraordinarily unfortunate in his circumstances.

If fear is his trouble, let him practise exercises designed to give courage. Courage has been recognised from time immemorial as an important virtue, and a great part of the training of boys and young men has been devoted, to producing a type of character capable of fearlessness in battle. But moral courage and intellectual courage have been much less studied; they also, however, have their technique. Admit to yourself every day at least one painful truth, you will find it quite useful. Teach yourself to feel that life will still be worth living even if you were not, as of course you are, immeasurably superior to all your friends in virtue and intelligence. Exercises of this sort prolonged through several years, will at last enable you to admit facts without flinching and will, in so doing, free you from the empire of fear over a very large field.

(i) What kind of affection can be a potent cause of happiness ?

(ii) How can a 'self-encased' person get out of his sense of unhappiness ?

(iii) How can a person overcome his feeling of self-pity and fear ?

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in about 400 words.

1. With the focus on boosting domestic capabilities, women should be brought to the centre of a new work ecosystem as a way for women to emerge from the pandemic undiminished in both social and economic aspects. Elaborate. 

2. Privatisation is often considered a solution for poor management in public sector banks. Critically analyze.

3. Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

The dispute over Kalapani, which lies on the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district, between Nepal and India was revived in November 2019 when India published a revised political map showing the newly created Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Both India and Nepal lay claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh district. Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the lingering issue. Kalapani is a region located in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. It shares a broder on the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal in the east and south. The region resembles a slice of cake wedged in between Limpiyadhura, Lipulek and Kalapani. The area is in India’s control but Nepal claims the region because of historical and cartographic reasons. The Kalapani region derives its name from the river Kali.

Nepal’s claims to the region is based on this river as it became the marker of the boundary of the kingdom of Nepal following the Treaty of Sugauli signed between the Gurkha rulers of Kathmandu and the East India Company after the Gurkha War/Anglo­Nepal War (1814­-16). The treaty was ratified in 1816. According to the treaty, Nepal lost the regions of Kumaon­Garhwal in the west and Sikkim in the east. According to Article 5, the King of Nepal gave up his claims over the region west of the river Kali which originates in the High Himalayas and flows into the great plains of the Indian subcontinent. According to the treaty, the British rulers recognised Nepal’s right to the region that fell to the east of the river Kali. Here lies the historic origin of the dispute. According to Nepal’s experts, the east of the Kali river should begin at the source of the river. The source according to them is in the mountains near Limpiyadhura, which is higher in altitude than the rest of the river’s flow. Nepal claims that a land mass, high in the mountains that falls to the east of the entire stretch starting from Limpiyadhura downwards, is theirs. India on the other hand says the border begins at Kalapani which India says is where the river begins. The dispute is mainly because of the varying interpretation of the origin of the river and its various tributaries that slice through the mountains. While Nepal’s claim of the territory east of Kali is based on the Limpiyadhura origin, India says the river actually takes the name Kali near Kalapani.

Answer the following questions from given passage:

Q-1: How the kalapani dispute revived between India and Nepal ?

Q-2: Where the kalapani region located ?

Q-3: What is the actual cause of dispute ?

Q-4: What is the treaty of sugauli ?

Q-5: How it is historic origin of dispute ?

Write a precis of the passage given below in about one-third of its length. Please do not give any title to it.The precis should be written in your own language.

“Yoga is to surrender yourself to God”.In the Vedic knowledge there are four vedas Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharva-veda these are followed by upvedas further into sub components and YOGA is a sub component of Rigveda which is considered as the most ancient script around thousands of year old. Lord Shiva and Lord Buddha's teaching formed the basis of Yoga. While Lord Buddha taught about postures and Lord Shiva spoke about meditation Maharishi Patanjali is considered as the founder of yoga as he was the one to practice it, He was born in Banaras and also compiled 195 Sutras. These sutras serve as a framework for integrating yoga into the daily routine. According to him "Yoga is the union of aatma and parmaatma, which brings poise to mind". Yoga is derived from the sanskrit word 'Yuj' which means "to join' therefore, it is the union of body, soul and mind. Yoga is not about just postures it has eight stages namely Yama, Niyama, Asanas, Pranayam, pratyhara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi..

Over the centuries the practice of yoga grew but it was during late 1800's where yoga experienced a turning point, this was the period where gurus and philosophers started traveling to continent for the spread of knowledge and experiences. Swami vivekanand came out as the most influential person for the spread of yoga to the western societies. Yoga is not just an exercise but how skillfully we communicate and act. While postures make the body healthy, Pranayam and meditation take the mind deep inside. We journeyed to the last stage of that is Samadhi and it is not possible to be achieved by common man. Essentially the miracle is already present In your body you just have to use and play with it properly. Meditation is all about flushing thoughts out of your mind and giving some space to it. Yoga has the power to transform one's life. Various deadly diseases can be easily cured by yoga. There are various asana like ardh-chakra, parvata asana, bhujang asana. Morning hours are considered to be the best time to practice Yoga. There are certain things to keep in mind like don't perform yoga just after having meal, there should be at least three hours of gap. Honorable prime minister Mr. Narendra Modi have putted so much efforts to make yoga as a part of everyday life. 

I ran into Janet in a pub when I was in Rome last month to attend a conference on archeology. It was a chance encounter after nearly 20 years. Clearly my wife and I were excited to see Janet after so many years. Memories rushed through my mind. But, we were shocked at what we saw. Janet had grown to healthy beautiful lass, but there was a scar in her face. She wore skimpy dress. Her barely covered back

revealed the tattoo of a bearded face. Around her were her male companions, all with rough fierce faces. The tallest and stoutest among them was a person with a beard. We quickly realized that the bearded face tattooed in Janet's back was his. Obviously, the guy lorded over her. For a moment, I was lost in the memory of the sweet, little kid Janet was 20 years ago. She was so cute that the ladies in the 

neighborhood vied with one another to cuddle her. Now, Janet had slipped into the world of crimes, living with that evil man. Before we could have few more words with her, she excused herself and rushed to serve drinks to her boss. When she was a child, I had dreamed that one day she would be a doctor or dancer or an artist and would occupy a responsible position in life. Now, she was a whore. What had gone wrong? 

Answer:

For my wife and me, our chance meeting with Janet in a pub in Rome after 20 long years was not a happy experience. She was beautiful and healthy, but had fallen into bad company. Her pub companions were some underworld riff-raff. A strongly-built bearded guy had the picture of his face tattooed in Janet?s back. It was exposed by her skimpily dress. Once a moppet whom ladies loved to cuddle, Janet had morphed into a moll hanging around the bearded guy

Essay: Write an essay on any one of the below topics in 300 words (30 marks)

Mental health requires more candour and more unashamed conversations.