Explanation:

- Climate: Influences soil formation by affecting the rate of weathering and organic matter decomposition. Temperature and precipitation play key roles.

- Parent Material: The mineral or organic matter from which the soil develops. It determines soil composition and mineral content.

- Landslides: Landslides move soil and rock but don't contribute to soil formation processes. While they might redistribute soil, they don't affect the gradual process of soil development.

- Topography: The shape and slope of the land affect water runoff and erosion patterns, which influence soil formation.

- Correct Answer: Landslides

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