Explanation:

- Sanskritization is a term popularized by sociologist M.N. Srinivas, describing the process in which lower castes seek upward mobility by adopting the practices and rituals of higher castes, especially Brahmins.

- Statement 1: Orthogenetic change – This means change within the system, in its internal structure. Sanskritization is not purely orthogenetic, as it involves imitation from external higher castes, not just evolution from within.

- Statement 2: Heterogenetic change – This involves borrowing or influence from outside the system. Sanskritization can be seen as heterogenetic as lower castes adopt traits from other castes.

- Statement 3: Change in cultural structure – Sanskritization involves change in customs, rituals, and beliefs; essentially a change in cultural structure.

- Statement 4: Change in social structure – It also leads to change in social status and social structure as groups attempt to move up the hierarchy.

Options explained:

- *Option 1: 1 and 3 only* – Orthogenetic change & change in cultural structure.

- *Option 2: 1 and 4 only* – Orthogenetic change & change in social structure.

- *Option 3: 2 and 3 only* – Heterogenetic change & change in cultural structure.

- *Option 4: 2 and 4 only* – Heterogenetic change & change in social structure.

?? Correct Answer: Option 4 – 2 and 4 only

Sanskritization is a process of heterogenetic change (borrowing from outside) and causes change in social structure.