Explanation:

- Option 1: Dumont

- Louis Dumont was a sociologist known for his work on caste in India.

- His book "Homo Hierarchicus" is a classic study of the caste system.

- He focused on hierarchy and the ideology behind caste.

- Option 2: Bougle

- Émile Louis Victor Bouglé was a French sociologist.

- He analyzed the caste system with an emphasis on hierarchy and the interdependence of groups.

- His definition aligns with the description in the 1908 essay.

- He is the correct answer for this question.

- Option 3: Risley

- Herbert Hope Risley was a British anthropologist and colonial administrator.

- He studied race and ethnicity in India, focusing on racial theories.

- Option 4: M.N. Srinivas

- Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas was an Indian sociologist.

- He is known for concepts like "Sanskritization" and "dominant caste," not the 1908 definition.