Comprehension Passage

Management is the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Efficiency refers to completing a task at minimum cost, while effectiveness focuses on achieving objectives within a stipulated time. The nature of management includes characteristics such as goal orientation, pervasiveness, multidimensionality, continuity, group activity, dynamism, and intangibility.

Management can be understood as both an art and a science. As an art, it involves personal skills, creativity, and practical application. As a science, it follows a systematic body of knowledge based on principles and observations. However, management is considered an inexact science due to the involvement of human behavior. Additionally, management exhibits some characteristics of a profession, such as a well-defined knowledge base, professional associations, and ethical codes, but lacks strict entry regulations.

The importance of management is seen in achieving group goals, increasing efficiency, creating a dynamic organization, fulfilling personal objectives, and contributing to societal development. It operates at three levels—top, middle, and operational—with each level performing specific functions. These functions include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, while coordination acts as the essence of management, ensuring smooth workflow and unity of action among different departments.