Explanation:

According to Bernier, one of the fundamental differences between Mughal India and Europe  was the lack of private property in land in the former. He was a firm believer in the virtues of  private property, and saw crown ownership of land as being harmful for both the state and its  people. The absence of private property in land had, therefore, prevented the emergence of the  class of “improving” landlords (as in Western Europe) with a concern to maintain or improve  the land. It had led to the uniform ruination of agriculture, excessive oppression of the peasantry  and a continuous decline in the living standards of all sections of society, except the ruling  aristocracy.