Context: Recently, the former SC judge A.M. Khanwilkar has been appointed as Lokpal chairperson.

About Lokpal

• The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 established Lokpal at the Union level and Lokayukta at the State level in India.

• These bodies function as ombudsmen, investigating complaints of corruption against public bodies and officials.

• The concept of ombudsman originated in Sweden in 1809 and other Scandinavian countries.

• The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act defines the functions, structure, and jurisdiction of Lokpal.

Structure of Lokpal

• Lokpal is a multi-member body comprising a chairperson and a maximum of 8 members.

• The chairperson must be a former Chief Justice of India, a former Judge of the Supreme Court, or an eminent person with specific qualifications.

• Members include judicial and non-judicial members, with 50% representation from SC/ST/OBC/minorities and women.

Appointment and Term

• The chairperson and members of the Lokpal are appointed by the President after recommendations of a Selection Committee.

• Select Committee includes Prime Minister as Chairperson, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or a Judge nominated by him/her, and one eminent jurist appointed by the President.

• The term of office is 5 years or until the age of 70, whichever is earlier.

Jurisdiction and Powers

• Lokpal's jurisdiction extends to various public officials, including the Prime Minister, ministers, Members of Parliament, and certain government officials.

• It has powers to investigate allegations of corruption, recommend action, and supervise the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

• Lokpal can also issue directions to prevent the destruction of records during inquiries and confiscate assets acquired through corruption.

• State governments are required to establish Lokayukta institutions within 365 days of the Act coming into effect.

Amendments and Enhancements

• The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Amendment Act, 2016 allowed the leader of the single largest opposition party in Lok Sabha to be a part of the selection committee.

• It also amended provisions related to asset declarations by public servants and extended the time limit for disclosure.