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Minerals in India

Geography Minerals

Minerals in India

Mineral resources

Ministry of Mines is responsible for survey and exploration of ail minerals, other than natural gases, petroleum and atomic minerais, for mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, gold, nickle, etc. and for administration of Mines and Minerais (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 in respect of all mines and minerais other than coal, natural gas and petroleum.

Mineral Legislation : Under the Constitution, minera] rights and the administration of mining rights are vested in the respective State Governments.

The Central Govt. regulates the development of mines and minerais under the Mines and Minerais (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and the rules framed thereunder.

Mines and mineral development and regulation act 2015

To create a new category of mining license i.e. the prospecting license-cum-mining lease, which is a two stage-concession for the purpose of undertaking prospecting operations (exploring or proving mineral deposits), followed by mining operations
Change the area of mining, by allowing the Central Government to extend the area limits of mining, instead of providing multiple mining leases
In the earlier law, a mining lease was granted for a maximum of 30 years and a minimum of 20 years and could be renewed for a period not exceeding 20 years. Under the new law, the lease period for coal and lignite remains unchanged. For all minerals other than coal, lignite and atomic minerals, mining leases will be granted for a period of 50 years. All mining leases granted for such minerals before the Ordinance shall be valid for 50 years. On expiry of the lease, instead of being renewed, the leases shall be put up for auction, as specified in the Act
The state governments will grant mining leases for notified minerals and prospecting license-cum-mining leases for other minerals. It shall also notify geographic areas and the terms and conditions of such leases. All such leases shall be granted through auction by competitive bidding, including e-auction
The central government shall prescribe the terms and conditions, and procedure for auction, including parameters for the selection of bidders. For mining leases, the central government may reserve particular mines for a specific end use and allow only eligible end users to participate in the auction, if found necessary

United Nations Frame work Classification

The United Nations Frame work Classification (UNFC) consists of a three dimensional system with the 3 axis :

1. Economic viability axis

2. Feasibility axis and

3. Geological axis

UNFC is a three - digit code based system, wherein the economic viability axis represent the first digit, the feasibility axis the second digit and the geologie axis represent the third digit. Each of these three axis have further codes in decreasing order. The highest category and resources under UNFC system will have the code (111) and lowest category the code (334).

MINERAL AND METAL PRODUCTION

India produces as many as 89 minerais which include 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 48 non-metallic, 3 atomic minerais and 24 minor minerals

Distribution of Iron-ore in India

State	District	Locality
Andhra Pradesh	Guntur
Jharkhand	Singhbhum	Noamundi, Notoburu, Jamda, Gua, Jhilingburu, Pansirabuda etc.
		Pathargora, Kumaria, Khariatola, Singri etc.
	Palamau	Gore Pahar and Biwabathan near Daltonganj
		Rajabar, Balunagar and Morwai, Auranga coal field.
Goa
Himachal Pradesh	Mandi	-
Karnataka	Bellary-Hospet (andur) Shimoga Chitradurga Chikmaglu
	Tumkur	Kudremukh, Bababudan Hills
Madhya Pradesh	Bastar	Bailadila, Rowghat, Parrekaro near Kanker
	Durg	Dalli, Rajhara
	Jabalpur	Majgaon, Agaria, Saroli, Lora, Jauli, Kanhara hills etc.
	Chanda	Lohara, Pipalgaon, Asola, Dewalgaon, etc.
Orissa	Keonjhar	Thakurani, Bolaria, Joda, Banspani, Gandhmardan, Bhadrasahi, Koira, Malangtoli etc.
	Sundargarh	Baliapahar, Badamgarh Pahar, Mankarnacha, Lusi-Rontha, Khandahar, Barsua, Bonai-Keonjhar belt.
	Mayurbhanj	Gorumahisani Pahar, Sulaipat-Badampahar, and Simlipal hills.
`	Cuttack	Daitari, Tamaka and Kansa
	Koraput	Kirapur, Umarkot
	Mayurbhanj	Bisoi-Rairangpur, Bisoi-Joshipur and Baripada-Udasa.
Bhilwara
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Udaipur, Alwar & Bundi
Tamil Nadu	Salem, Tiruchirapalli

Mn-ore Deposits in India

Manganese – Braunite (Mn2O3) and Pyrolusite (MnO2)

State	District
Andhra Pradesh	Adilabad
	Srikakulam
	Visakhapatnam.
Goa	To the south of Nissan Val. 363m, and Central and Northern part of Goa.
Gujarat	Panch Mahal Vadodara
Karnataka	Bellary (Sandur basin) Chitradurga, Uttarkannad, Dharwad, Shimoga, Tumkur.
Madhya Pradesh	Balaghat.
Maharashtra	Bhandara, Nagpur
	Ratnagiri
Orissa	Sundargarh & Keonjhar (Bonai-Keonjhar area)
	Koraput, Kalahandi & Bolangir (Koraput-Kalahandi-Patua area)
	Sambalpur
Rajasthan	Banswara.

Distribution of Chromite Deposits in India

State	Districts	Locality
Andhra Pradesh	Krishna	Kondapalli
Tamil Nadu	Salem	Sittampundi
Jharkhand	Singhbhum	Roburu, Kiriburus, Kitaburu, Jojohatu, near Chaibasa
Orissa	Cuttack Dhenkanal	Sukinda and Katpal
	Keonjhar	Nausahi
Karnataka	Mysore Hassan	Sindhuvalli (Nugg Challi belt, Chikonhalli) Byarapur.
Maharashtra	Bhandara Ratnagiri	Pauni, Taka, Balgatta Kankauli, Vagda
Jammu & Kashmir	Kargil	Dras
Manipur	Ukhrul, Manipur East	Sirohi peak, Nepali Basti, Tengopal,-Moreh Road.

Distribution and Reserves of Lead-Zinc Ores in India

State/District	Area
Andhra Pradesh
Cuddapah	Zangamarajupal Gollapale, Verikunta
Guntur	Bandalamottu, Dhukonda, Peddagavalakonda, Karempudi etc. (Agnigundala belt)

Prakasam	Nallakonda
Jharkhand
Jamui, Deogarh Hazaribagh and Giridih	Hesatu-Belbathan
Gujarat
Bansakantha	Ambamata, Chitrasani
Vadodara	Khandia
Maharashtra
Nagpur	Kolari and Tembekhani
Bhandara	Mendki
Meghalaya
Khasi and Jantia Hills	Umpyrtha
Orissa
Sundargarh	Sargipalli
Mayurbhanj Sambalpur	Kesarpur Karmali
Rajasthan
Ajmer	Ghughra, Lohakan, Sawar, Tikhi
Bhilwara	Rampur-Agucha, Pur Benera, (Gaderiakhera, Malikhera, Devpura, Dedwas, Samodi etc.)
Sirohi	Deri (Basantgarh – Delri belt)
Udaipur	Zawar area, (Mochia, Balaria, Zawarmala & Baroi), Rajpur-Dariba.

Distribution of Tungsten – Ores in India

State	Locality
Andhra Pradesh	Burugubanda, East Godavari district Chittor district
Jharkhand	Tata Nagar, Singhbhum district
Karnataka	Kolar and Hutti, Gold mine
Madhya Pradesh	In Raigarh distt., Lawakra area.
Maharashtra	Agargaon, Nagpur district.
	Kuhi, Chapegarhi area, Nagpurdistrict ; 10-16 km south west of Agargaon deposit.
	Paladi, Chandori and Dehegaon-Pipalgaon, Bhandara district.
	Kosamtondi-Bagawan area, Bhandara district.
Rajasthan	6 km NE Sirohi district (Balda, Dera-ka—Bera.
	Degana, Nagpur district
	Motiya, Pali district
Uttaranchal	Chamoli and Pauri districts
West Bengal	Chandapathar, Bankura district.

Important Occurrences of Nickel Ores in India

State	Locality
Jharkhand	Ukkam and Dhoba hills of Bhitardari regions. Singhbhum district.
Kerala	Shreekandapuram area, Cannore district
Nagaland	Polkhpur, Tuensant district
Orissa	Sukinda area, Cuttack district
	Simlipal area, Mayurbhanj district
	Kendhujhar
Tamil Nadu	Chalk Hills, Salem district.

Distribution of Copper in India

State	Locality/Area
Jharkhand	i) Singhbhum copper belt : The potential areas are Pathargora, Rakha, Roam-Sidheshwar, Ram Chandar Pahar, Tamapahar and Turamdih. ii) Hesatu-Belbathan belt : There are four dozen occurrences covering the whole belt, the important of them are at Baraganda, Chandio, Jhalakdiha, Ganganpur, Darngi, Toolsinr, Pirrah and Baghmari.
Rajasthan	i) Khetri copper belt, Jhunjhunu district : The potential areas are Madhan Kudan, Kalihan and Chanmari. ii) Pur-Benera-Bhinder belt : The potential deposit is at Dariba in Alwar district. iii) Detached occurrences, namely at Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur, Charu and Nagpur.
Madhya Pradesh	Malanjkhand, Balaghat district.
Karnataka	Ingaldahu in Chitradurga district and Kalyadi in Hassan district.
Andhra Pradesh	Mailaram, Khammam district : Gani, Kurnool district ; and Bandalamottu, Nallakonda and Dhokonda, Agnigundela belt, Guntur district.

Beneficiation of Copper

Beneficiation Plants

Location

Indian Copper Corporation Ltd.

Maubhandar, near Ghatshila in Jharkhand (in 1942)

Another Plant : Mosabani (1974) and Rakha (in 1975)

Hindustan Copper Ltd.

Khetri copper complex (Rajasthan)

Indian Copper Complex (Ghatsila)

Rakha Copper Project

Malanjkhand Copper Project, Madhya Pradesh

Chandmari Copper Project, Rajasthan

Tajoe copper Project, Maharashtra.

Distribution of Tin Ores in India

State	Locality
Haryana	Tosham, Bhiwani district
Chhattisgarh	Tongpal-Leda-Kudripal, Bastar district
	Pushpal, Bastar district
Orissa	Mandaguda-Salem, Koraput district.

Distribution of Bauxite

State	District	Remarks
Jharkhand	Lohardaga, Ranchi, Gumla, Palamau, Santhal Parganas, Monghyr, Shahabad	All grades of bauxite are available.
Orissa	Koraput Kalahandi, Bolangir, Sambalpur, Bandh / Khondmala, Keonjhar and Sundergarh.	Metallurgical grade-I and chemical grade are rare.
Andhra Pradesh	East Godavari and Vishakhapatnam	Mostly metallurgical grades are available.
Chattisgarh	Bilaspur, Balaghat, Bastar, Raigarh, Durg.
Madhya Pradesh	Surguja, Shahdol, Mandala, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna, Sidhi and Katni	All grades available, Gibbsite and diasporic types have also been noted. Refractory grade is obtained from Katni and Bastar districts.
Maharashtra	Kolhapur, Kolaba, Sindhu, Durg Ratnagiri, Satara and Thane	All grades available.
Gujarat	Kutch, Saurastra, Jamnagar, Junagarh, Kheda, Bhavnagar, Valsad, Sabarkantha and Amreli.	All grades available Chemical grade is obtained from Saurastra and refractory grade from Jamnagar.
Karnaraka	Belgaum, Chikmangalur, Uttar Kannad and Dakshin Kannad	All grades available.
Goa, Damanand Diu	-	Metallurgical grade and other mixed grades, excluding chemical grade are available.
Tamil Nadu	Salem, Nilgiri, Madurai	Metallurgical grades (I and III) and low grades are available.
Kerala	Cannore, Quilon and Trivandrum	Mixed grades, metallurgical, chemical and low grades are available.
Uttar Pradesh	Bana, Lalithpur and Varanasi	Metallurgical, chemical (mixed) and low grades are available.
Jammu & Kashmir	Udhampur	Diasporic and low grades are available.
Rajasthan	Kota	Metallurgical grade-II is available.

Primary Occurrences of Monazite in India

State	District / Area
Andhra Pradesh	Nellore Mica belt
Jharkhand	Mica Pegmalite belt (Hazaribagh, Giridih, district) In Singhbhum district at Kanyaluka.
Bihar	Monghyr and in Gaya district at Abrakhi Pahar near Singar
Rajasthan	Mica pegmatite belt (Ajmet, Bhilwara, Alwar, Sikar, Udaipur)
West Bengal	Purulia district.

Distribution of Gypsum Deposits

State	District
Andhra Pradesh	Nellore, Prakasam, Guntur
Gujarat	Jamnagar, Kuchch, Bhavanagarh and Junagarh.
Himachal Pradesh	Sirmur and Chamba
J & K	Baramula, Doda and Ladakh.
Karnataka	Gulbarga
Madhya Pradesh	Shahdol
Rajasthan	Nagaur, Bikaner, Barmer, Churu, Jaisalmer, Ganganagar and Pali.
Tamil Nadu	Tiruchirapalli, Combatore, Ramanathapuram and Tiruneveli.
Uttaranchal	Tehri Garhwal, Dehradun, Pauri, Garhwal and Nainital.

Asbestos

State	District (area)	Geological formation
Andhra Pradesh	Cuddapah (Brahmanapalle and Chinanakudala)	Cuddapahs
Jharkhand	Singhbhum	IronOre Series
Karnataka	Hassan (Holenarasipur)	Dharwars
Orissa	Mayurbhanj	IronOre
Rajasthan	Ajmer (Khota, Manpura) Bhilwara (Daulatgarh), Dongarpur, Jhunjhunu, Pali, Udaipur (Dhelana, Abbasi, Sapod)	Precambrians (Aravallis)

Diamond

State	District	Geological formation
Andhra Pradesh	Anantapur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Krishna, Godavari	Recent alluvium and Kurnool Series (Cuddapah / Vindhyan)
Madhya Pradesh	Pann	Recent alluvium and Rewa Series
Orissa	Sambalpur	Recent alluvium.

Mica

State	District	Geological Formation
Bihar	Munger, Navada, Bhagalpur	Precambrian
Jharkhand	Giridih and Hazaribagh (Koderma mica belt stretches from the Hazaribagh and Monghyr to the Bhagalpur district)	Precambrian
Andhra Pradesh	Nellore (Stretches between Gudur and Songam)	Precambrian
Rajasthan	Ajmer, Bhilwara, Sikar, Jaipur, Tonk, Udaipur	Precambrian

Distribution of gypsum deposits in India

State	District	Geological formation
Rajasthan	Nagaur, Pali	Nagaur series, Vindhyans
	Barmer	(1) Recent sands
	Bikaner, Ganganagar, Bharatpur	Recent
Tamil Nadu	Tiruchirapalli	Uttatur Cretaceous
	Coimbatore	Recent alluvium
Jammu and Kashmir	Baramula	Sallchala schists
	Boda	Precambrian or Nummulities (Eocene)
Gujarat	Kutch	Jurassic, Subnummulites Eocene) Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent.
Uttar Pradesh	Nainital, Gairwal, Dehradun.

Distribution important graphite deposits in India

State	District	Geological formation
Orissa	Phulbani, Sambalpur, Kalahandi, Bolangir	Archaeans
Kerala	Ernakulam	Archaeans
Bihar	Paslamau	Archaeans
Andhra Pradesh	Khammam, Vishakapatnam	Archaean
Rajasthan	Ajmer, Banswara	Aravallis