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Context: Recently, a performance audit was conducted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) on the degradation of the Shipra River.
A performance audit was conducted by the CAG on the degradation of the river, covering 2016-17 to 2020-21.
It was the first performance audit conducted by the CAG on a river’s degradation in central India, it runs dry for five to six months every year.
The audit based on problem-oriented approach started with the formulation of hypotheses about the probable causes and consequences.
It remained polluted even after multiple interventions of the state agencies and natural flow the river reduced due to improper management and over-extraction of groundwater.
The two prime hypotheses were divided into five sub-major and 22 minor hypotheses.
The five sub-major hypotheses about the possible causes and consequences included:
Merging of untreated sewage in the river,
Inadequate treatment of industrial waste,
Pollution at riverbanks adversely affecting the water quality of the Kshipra and its two tributaries Kahn and Gambhir rivers,
Drastic reduction in the river water flow,
Decreasing ground water in the sub-basin affecting the flow of the Kshipra.
The audit report concluded that Sewage treatment plants (STPs) were not constructed by urban local bodies (ULBs) keeping in view future demands.
The sewerage network didnot cover the entire geographical area and was not completed as per timelines.
The concerned ULBs lacked sound systems for disposal of faecal sludge, while some STPs were working on older technologies due to lack of necessary provisions.
Many industries either ran without effluent treatment plants (ETP) or were not equipped with alternative sources of power.
A proper mechanism for ensuring compliance of zero liquid discharge status was not available and just 4% of the selected industries were equipped with water meters.
There was deficient action against industries even though they violated provisions of the Water Act.
Parameters of iron, cadmium, nickel and lead were beyond the permissible limit in the ground water of Dewas industrial area.
Guidelines regarding regulations in flood plain zones (FPZ) were not issued by the Nagar Nigams and encroachments were observed in the FPZ of Kahn and Kshipra rivers.
There was not much progress on transforming river flow as perennial by infusing Narmada river water into the Kshipra through the Narmada Kshipra Simhastha Link project.
It is a sacred river of Central India and an important tributary of the Chambal River.
Kshipra or Shipra originates in Kakri Bardi Hills in the Vindhya Range near Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
It flows north across the Malwa Plateau, passing through the city of Ujjain- one of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism.
It joins the Chambal River at the MP-Rajasthan border in Mandsaur district.
The main Tributaries include Khan and Gambhir rivers.
Majority of Indian rivers flow towards the south but Kshipra is a ‘Uttargami’ (north flowing) river.
It is considered sacred in Hinduism and is revered as highly as the Ganges River.
Devotees take holy dips in the Kshipra River at Ujjain, particularly at Ramghat.
The Simhasth Kumbh Mahaparv, a grand religious congregation, is celebrated every twelve years in Ujjain, attracting millions of pilgrims and devotees.
According to the Puranas, the river originated from the heart of Varaha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu as a boar.
Historically, it served as a lifeline for agriculture and human settlements along its banks.
Ujjain is a sacred Tirtha located in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, called Ujjayini and Avanti during Mahajanapada and Maurya period.
It holds significance for Shaivites and Shakti cult as it houses the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga and Harsiddhi Shaktipeeth.
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