Context

After prolonged legal battles before the Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal, the states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh have now agreed to pursue an amicable resolution to their long-standing dispute over sharing the waters of the Mahanadi River.

About the Mahanadi River

What Is It?

The Mahanadi is a major eastward-flowing river in peninsular India. Known for its heavy silt load, frequent historical floods, and vital role in agriculture, its name is derived from Sanskrit: “Maha” (great) + “Nadi” (river).

States It Flows Through

• Chhattisgarh – Upper and middle basin
• Odisha – Lower basin and delta
• Minor parts of Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh

Origin and Course

• Source: Near Pharsiya village, Dhamtari district, Chhattisgarh (Nagri Sihawa Hills, ~442 m elevation)
• Length: Approximately 900 km (560 miles)
• Mouth: Bay of Bengal, via multiple distributaries near Paradip, Odisha
• Basin Area: Around 1.32 lakh sq. km

Major Tributaries

• Left Bank: Seonath (Shivnath), Hasdeo, Mand, Ib
• Right Bank: Ong, Tel, Jonk

Key Features

• Hirakud Dam (Odisha): World’s longest earthen dam, crucial for flood control, irrigation, and hydropower generation
• Satkosia Gorge: A spectacular ecological hotspot in the Eastern Ghats
• Delta System: Among the largest in India, shared with the Brahmani River, supporting agriculture, fisheries, and port activities
• Biodiversity: Habitat for 130+ bird species, diverse fish populations, and tiger conservation zones

Significance of the Recent Announcement

• From Litigation to Dialogue: Indicates a shift toward cooperative federalism and mutual trust in natural resource management
• Central Government’s Role: A Joint Committee under the Central Water Commission (CWC) is proposed to ensure technical, equitable, and sustainable solutions
• Broader Impact: Could serve as a model for resolving other inter-state river disputes across India