Explanation:

The original sentence is incorrect.

Reason: The given part is grammatically as well as contextually incorrect as two nouns ‘consequences’ and ‘damage’ are coming together and making no sense. Instead of ‘consequences’ the adjective ‘consequential’ would make sense in the given context of the sentence.

Besides, usage of the second verb ‘arises’ is also ungrammatical here.

Ex. My mother is next to the lady wears the red hat. (Incorrect)

Ex. My mother is next to the lady wearing the red hat. (Correct)

Instead of ‘arises’, present participle ‘arising’ should be used here.

Clearly, among the given choices option D replaces the bold part most appropriately.

The sentence after replacement becomes:

The article explores the problem and the consequential damage arising out of dumping about 5 to 13 million tonnes of plastic into the ocean each year.

Option D is hence the correct answer.