Which of the following statements is are correct about the antibiotic resistance in bacteria 1 Antib...........

Everyday Science (PCS) Health and Diseases

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

1. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria can be induced in a clone from single sensitive cell grown in mild antibiotic environment after many division cycles in an isolated culture.

2. It is found intrinsically in some bacterial cells due to mutation and can be transmitted vertically (generation-togeneration) but not horizontally (from one cell to another).

3. Antibiotic resistance genes are extensively used as a tool in molecular biology research.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

1 only

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

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Explanation:

The gene for resistance comes from three sources:

Mutation (rare).
Inheritance (from mother cell to the next generation).
Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer (from a resistant cell to another sensitive cell).
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance is the resistance acquired by any bacteria against antibiotic drugs that are used to treat infections.
As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others.
Bacteria that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.
Antibiotic resistance is now regarded as a major threat to public health across the globe.
Mechanism
Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics.
Bacteria can also acquire resistance. This can happen in two ways:
Sharing and transferring resistance genes present in the rest of the population.
Genetic mutations that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure.
Once the resistance has been acquired, it can spread in the rest of the population of bacteria through reproduction or gene transfer.
Usage in Molecular Biology Research
To create multiple copy of a gene (gene amplification) or to produce protein (protein expression), bacterial cells are used mostly E. coli cells.
These cells do not have any resistance gene.
Either for gene ampli fi cation or protein expression, the desired gene combined with a plasmid DNA (circular DNA) is introduces in the cell, same plasmid also contains a gene that confers resistance for certain antibiotic (gene is called ‘selection marker’) to the cell. This process is called transformation