Explanation:

- Option 1: William Paley was an English clergyman and philosopher known for his works on natural theology. He is famous for the watchmaker analogy, which argues for the existence of God based on perceived design in nature.

- Option 2: Charles Darwin is the correct answer. He authored "The Origin of Species," published in 1859, which introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection.

- Option 3: Erasmus Darwin was Charles Darwin's grandfather. He was a physician and poet who had early ideas about evolution but did not write "The Origin of Species."

- Option 4: Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist known for developing the modern system of naming organisms but did not write on evolution in the context of natural selection.