Explanation:

- Let's look at the pattern:

- 42 to 38: Decrease by 4.

- 38 to 80: Increase by 42.

- 80 to 118: Increase by 38.

- 118 to 198: Increase by 80.

- 198 to 316: Increase by 118.

- The pattern alternates between decreasing by 4 and increasing by previously visited value.

- Next, after 316, should be an increase of 198.

- Calculation: 316 + 198 = 514.

- Therefore, the number to replace the question mark is 514.

The correct option is:

- Option 3: 514.