Explanation:

- Option 1: Rivers

- This is a straightforward noun phrase that begins the sentence. It is correctly used as the subject and has no grammatical errors.

- Option 2: human history

- This segment is grammatically correct as it serves as the object of the preposition "throughout," explaining the time span. It contains no errors.

- Option 3: has being of primary

- This segment is incorrect. The phrase should be "has been of primary" to correctly use the present perfect tense. "Being" is a misuse in this context.

- Correct Answer

- Option 4: importance throughout

- This is grammatically correct. It completes the prepositional phrase, elaborating on how rivers have been significant. No errors here.