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Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)

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Indian Economy - Understanding the basics of Indian economic system

Consider the following pairs :

Tribe Feature of Uprising

1. Chuar British expansion on their land

2. Pahariyas' Revenue demand and economic distress

3. Ho New farming revenue policy

4. Khond Interference in tribal customs and new taxes

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched ?

Only one

Only two

Only three

All four

Explanation :

Tribal Uprising in India

The following three phases are used to categorise tribal movements:

The First Phase (1795-1860): It happened at the same time as the British Empire’s emergence, growth, and establishment. The top class of tribal society, led by the traditional group whose privileges had been curtailed by colonialism in India, produced the leadership. Major tribal uprisings in this phase were: the Kols Uprising, Santhal uprising, Khond uprising and Early Munda uprising.
The Second Phase (1860-1920): It includes the Koya Rebellion and the Birsamunda-led Munda Uprising.
The Third Phase (1920-1947): It comprises the Chenchu tribal movement, the Rampa rebellion, and the Tanabhagat/Oraon Movement.

Year	Tribal Uprising	Features
1776	Chuar Uprising	Organised by aboriginal tribesmen of Midnapore, against land revenue demands and economic distress.
1778	Pahariyas’ Rebellion	It was headed by Raja Jagganath who led Pahariyas of Raj Mahal Hills against British expansion on their land.
1818-1831 and 1913	Bhil Uprising	In the Western Ghats against the Company’s rule formed Bhil Raj. Reorganised again in 1913 under Govind Guru to fight for Bhil Raj.
1820–37	Ho and Munda Uprisings	By Ho tribals led by Raja Parahat in Singhbhum and Chottanagpur region against new farming revenue policy. This later became the Munda rebellion.
1822-29	Ramosi Uprising	By the Ramosi tribals of western ghats, under Chittur Singh against Britisher’s occupation of the region.
1829	Koli Uprising	The tribals of Gujrat and Maharashtra revolted against the Company’s control in 1829, 1839, and again in 1844-48.
1832	Kol Rebellion	Tribals of Chottanagpur under Buddho Bagat revolted against Britishers and money lenders.
1837-56	Khond Rebellion	Tribals of hills from Tamil Nadu to Bengal led by Chakra Bisoi revolted against interference in tribal customs and the imposition of new taxes.

Causes of Tribal Uprising:

The practice of Settled Agriculture: The tribals’ mainstay were shifting agriculture, hunting, fishing and the use of forest produce. With the influx of non-tribals into the traditional regions of the tribals, the practice of settled agriculture was introduced.
- This led to a loss of land for the tribal population. The tribals were reduced to being landless agricultural labourers.
- There were restrictions imposed on the use of forest produce, on shifting agriculture and on hunting practices. This led to the loss of livelihood for the tribals.
Introduction of the outsiders: The British introduced outsiders like money lenders into the tribal areas which led to severe exploitation of the local tribals. They became bonded labourers under the new economic system.
Private ownership by non-tribal landlords: The tribal societies had a system of joint ownership of land which was replaced by the notion of private property.