Explanation:

• Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was known as Badshah Khan and “Sarhadi Gandhi” and Frontier Gandhi.
• He was born in 1890 and Died on January 1988.
• He was a Pashtun leader and ardent follower of Mahtma Gandhi and was known for his non-violent opposition to British Rule.
•  He started the Khudai Khidmatgar movement (Servants of God).
• Khudai Khidmatgar movement was a non-violent freedom struggle against the British Empire by the Pashtuns or Pathans of the North-West Frontier Province led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
• The Khudai Khidmatgar was founded on a belief in the power of Gandhi’s notion of Satyagraha, The volunteers of Khudai Khidmatgar movement were also known as “Surkho Posh” or “Red shirts” and it was initially a social reform organization focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds from Afghan society but turned more political later.
• British targeted this organization and in 1929, the leadership went into exile and a large number of leaders were arrested.
• This lead to “Frontier Gandhi” make alliance with Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in late 1920s.
• This alliance lasted till India’s independence.
• He was offered presidency of the Indian National Congress in 1931 which he refused saying that he was a simple soldier and would like to serve.
• He was many times arrested by Government in Pakistan because of his association with India.
• He was nominated for Nobel Peace prize in 1985.
• In 1987 he became the first person who won Bharat Ratna without being an Indian national.
• (Another Foreign national to receive Bharat Ratna is Nelson Mandela (1990).
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was against the partition of India and he was many times targeted for being Anti-Muslim.
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan is known to form Pakistan’s first National opposition party known as Pakistan Azad Party on May 8, 1948.
• However, due to doubts on his loyalty to Pakistan , he was placed under house arrest from 1948-1954.
• Pakistan’s Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali had announced One-Unit Policy on November 22, 1954, which sought to merge the four provinces of West Pakistan into one homogenous unit.
• This was to counterbalance against the numerical domination of the ethnic Bengalis of East Pakistan, which later became Bangladesh on March 26, 1971.
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan had opposed the One-Unit scheme.
• He was arrested may times between 1948 to 1958.
• he was released in 1964 due to illness.
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was named “Amnesty International Prisoner of the Year” in 1962.
• He was again arrested many times between 1972 to 1980 during the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
• He died in Peshawar in 1988 while he was under house arrest.
• His son Khan Abdul Wali Khan had floated the Awami National Party, a main opposition party in Pakistan and was Leader of the Opposition in the Pakistan National Assembly.
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