First Indian Viceroy and the last Viceroy.
[1] Dhondu Pant, better known as Nana Saheb
[2] caused disaffection among the sepoys and led to disobeyal of orders by the sepoys of the 19th Native Infantry stationed at Berhampur on February 26, 1857, and its disbandment by the British Government (Colonel Mitchell – its commanding officer)
[3] The annexation of Baghat and Udaipur were, however, cancelled and they were restored to their ruling houses. When Dalhousie wanted to apply the Doctrine of Lapse to Karauli (Rajputana), he was overruled by the Court of Directors.
[4] popularly known so after Sir Ilbert, then Law member in the Governor-General’s Executive Council, was introduced in February 1883
[5] represented by Rajnarain Bose and Ashwini Kumar Dutt in Bengal and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar in Maharashtra
[6] Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh in Bengal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh (uncle of Bhagat Singh) in Punjab, T. Prakasham and M. Krishna Rao, in Andhra, V.O. Chidamabaram Pillai in south Tamil Nadu, etc.
[7] Refer to a Separate sheet on No Cooperation Movement
[8] Refer to a Separate sheet on Khilafat Movement
[9] Members of the Commission: Sir John Simon (Chairman), Clement Attlee, Harry Levy-Lawson, Edward Cadogan, Vernon Hartshorn, George Lane-Fox, Donald Howard
[10] Refer to a column on Round Table Conference on next page.
[11] Dr. Ambedkar was the only Indian leader who attended all the three sessions of the Round Table Conference in London.
[12] Refer to GoI Act, 1935 in the sheet on Constitutional Development in India under the British.
[13] Mashriqi began his struggle early on and, in 1939, a defining moment took place which demonstrated his true power.
In 1939, Mashriqi came out victor during Khaksar Tehrik-Govt of United Provinces (U.P.) conflict, and ultimately, Sir Harry Graham Haig (Governor) signed truce on Mashriqi’s terms.
Right after this unprecedented triumph, Mashriqi established a parallel Government in British India. According to details published in Al-Islah (November 17, 1939), the country was divided into 14 provinces (with a center at Lahore) and names of provincial commanders were announced.
[14] The Unionist party was formed as a political party representing interests of Punjab's large feudal classes and gentry. Although a majority of Unionists were Muslims, a large number of Hindus and Sikhs also supported and participated in it. Sir Sikander Hyat Khan, Sir Fazli Husain and Sir Chhotu Ram were the founders of this party. After Sir Sikander's death in 1942, Sir Chhoturam was invited to be the premiere but he declined in favour of young Nawab Sir Malik Khizar Hyat Tiwana. Although Sir Khizr supported the demand for Pakistan, the Unionists formed an alliance with the Congress and the Akali Dal to rule Punjab in 1946.
[15] Praja Party made its debut in the beginning of July I929 as a loose parliamentary group and was renamed the Krishak Praja Party (Peasant Tenant Party) in April 1936 mainly for the purpose of fighting the first provincial elections under the Government of India Act, 1935. It went into oblivion almost immediately after the I937 elections, notwithstanding its electoral success.
The Bengal Praja Party was formed by a coterie of eighteen) Muslim members of the Bengal Legislative Council following a snap election held in June I929 with AK Fazlul Huq as its leader.
[16] The Pirpur Committee had been appointed by the All-India Muslim League Council in March 1938, with Raja Sayed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur as its chairman, to prepare a detailed report regarding the high-handedness of the Congress Ministries (1937-1939) formed after the elections under the 1935 Government of India Act in different provinces.
[17] Refer to a separate sheet on Wardha Scheme of Basic Education.
[18] The Cripps Mission came to India in 1942 headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a socialist member of the war cabinet, to negotiate with Indian leaders on behalf of the British government. The Cripps Mission included that the British promised the earliest possible realization of self-government in India. A `new Indian union` would be created which would be a `dominion, associated with the united kingdom and the other dominions by a common allegiance to the crown, but equal to them in every respect, in no way subordinate` to them. India would be able to frame its own Constitution after the war. A new central executive council would operate till then. The net result of this was that `in place of the majority of British members in the existing executive council, there would be an executive council composed of Indians alone.` This would mean that India would enjoy a significant measure of self-government even before the conclusion of the war.
In exchange for these concessions, the British asked for India`s support in its war effort.
Gandhi termed Cripps Proposals as “a post dated cheque on a crashing bank”.
[19] Founded by Satish Chandra Samanta, on 17 December 1942. Samanta, looked after its functioning until his arrest in June, 1943. It lasted till September, 1944.
[20] A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group such as a nation from within.