BEGINNING OF EUROPEAN COMMERCE

• Landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut (Kerala coast) in 1498 with two Ships, with a Gujarati pilot, Abdul Majid’ aboard who had guided the ships from the African coast to calicut.
• Discovery of the new all sea route from Europe to India, via Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama.
• Da Gama reached Calicut on 17 may, 1498
• On arrival Vasco da Gama was welcomed by Zamorin (Hindu ruler) of Calicut.
• Da Gama returned to Portugal in 1499 which cargo worth 60 times of his expenses.
• Arrival of Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 1500 AD.
• Second trip of Vasco da Gama to India in 1502
• Portuguese set up trading stations at Calicut, Cochin, and Cannore in 1502.
• Cochin was the early capital of Portuguese in India. Later Goa replaced it.
• In 1503 Alfonso de Albuquerque arrived in India as commander of a Squadron.
• King Manuel declared himself lord over conquests, navigation and trade with Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India.
• Vasco da Gama bombarded Calicut on the Zamorin’s refusal to expel Muslim traders.
• In 1503, Raja of Cochin let Vasco build first fort.
• De Almeida was the first Portuguese governor (1505-9) in  India.
• Albuquerque was appointed second governor of Portuguese in India in 1509
• Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510  from Bijapur.
• Albuquerque encouraged his country men to marry Indian wives. He persecuted the Muslims.
• At the time of Albuquerque’s death in 1515 Portuguese was the strongest naval power in India.
• Nino da Cunha (Governor 1529-38) transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530
• In 1530 Nino da Cunha acquired Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
• Martin Alfanso de Souza (governor 1542-45) arrived in India with the famous Jesuit saint Francisco Xavier.
• Francisco de Almeida created fortresses at Kilwa, Anjadiva, Mannaur and Cochin.
• Mahmud Beghra (ruler of Gujarat) and Egyptian Mamelukes defeated & killed Dom Laurenco, son of Almeida at Chaul in 1508.
• In 1509 Mahmud Beghra and Egyptians were defeated at Diu.
• Albuquerque was the real founder of Portuguese power in India.
• Portuguese Maritime empire was called Estado da India.
• Portuguese ruler Dom Manuel turned the spice trade of Lisbon into crown monopoly in 1506
• In 1739 Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein from Portuguese.
• Portuguese possessed Goa, Daman and Diu till 1961.
• In 1536 they got permission from Mahmud Shah, ruler of Bengal, to open factories at Chittagong and Sattagong.
• In 1579-80 they got Hughli from Akbar to open a factory.
• In 1633 Shah Hahan allowed them to set up a factory at bandel (Bengal)
• Cartez was a letter of permission for a person to take his ship in other part of India or neighbouring countries. It was issued by Portuguese.
• For the first time Cartez was issued in 1502
• Bahadur Shah (Ruler of Gujarat) was murdered by Portuguese due to dispute about Diu.
• Portuguese settlements on west coast: Calicut (1500), Cochin (1501), Cannore (1503), Quilon (1503), Cheliyan (1531), Rahole (1535), Krengannore (1536), Mangalore (1568), Hanawer (15680, Diu (1509), Goa (1510), Surat (1599), Daman (1599) and Bhavanagar.
• Portuguese settlements on East coast Meliyapur (San Thome), Chittagong, Hughli and Bandel.
• First press in India (Goa) was set up by Portuguese.
• They introduced Tobacco in India.
• They set up settlements in Srilanka in 1556
• Portugal’s initial objective was to seize the spice trade, but after Cabral’s Voyage she decided to divert to all the trade of the East with Europe.

Causes for their decline

• Decline of the Portuguese Power by the end of the 16th century and the Gradual loss of their many settlements in India.
• Loss of Hughli in 1631 to Qasim Khan, a Mughal noble.
• In 1616 king of Portugal gave Bombay to Charles II of England for marrying his sister Catherine Braganza.
• Capture of Salsette and Bassein by Marathas in 1739
• In the end they were left with only Goa, Daman and Diu.
• Discovery of Brazil, consequently their diversion from India.
• Their clandestine practices in trade and their resort to piracy.
• Due to their religios intolerance, Indian rulers and people became histile.
• Their inability to compute with other European companies.
• Internal weaknesses and conflict.

Portuguese settlements

• Cochin-1501    Cannanore-1502
• Goa-1510         Diu&Daman  -1534
• Hugly – 1537   Hugly-(lost in 1632)
• Salsette & Bassein (lost to Maratha in 1739)
• Chittangong -(lost in 1665)
• Bombay-(given to Enlshih 1662)

• Formation of the Dutch East India company in 1602 by a charter of Dutch Parliament.
• Dutch Parliament allowed Dutch East India company to make wars, conclude treaties, acquire territories and build fortresses.
• Factories: Masulipatam (1605) Pulicat (1610) Surat (1616) Bimlipatam (1641) Karikal (1645) Chinsura (1653) Kasim bazaar, Patna, Baranagar, Balasore, Nagapatam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663)
• Hughen Linschoterie’s book on India led to Dutch entrance in India and her trade.
• Cornelis de Houtman led the first Dutch expedition to cross Cape of Good Hope and reached Sumatra and Bantam in 1596
• East India Company of Dutch/ Netherlands was known as Verrenigde Oost Indische Companie (VOC)
• Dutch factories : Masulipatnam (in 1605 by Vande Hagen). Pettappoli (Nizampatnam), Devanampettam/Tegnapattam (called st. David under English), Palicut ( 1610,fortGeldiria), Surat (in 1616 by Van Broecke)
• Till 1690 Pulicat was their main centre in India, thereafter Nagapattam replaced it
• In the 17th century they supplanted the Portuguese as the most dominant power in the European trade with the East, including India.
• Beginning of rivalry between the Dutch and the English in the middle of  the 17th century (1654)
• Decline of the Dutch power in India by the beginning of the 18th century
• Their final collapse with their defeat by the English in the battle of Badera in 1759.
• Loss of their settlements one by one to the East India company of Britain
• They were expelled from their last possession in India by the British in 1795
• With the beginning of war between France and Holland a conflict arose between Dutch and French in India too. Dutch captured Pondicherry from French. But with the concluding of treaty of Rickzwick, Pondicherry was restored to French.
• The credit for making Indian textiles the premier export from India goesto the Dutch.
• Dutch were forced to trade with India because Islands (of Indonesia ) were imperfectly monetized and Indian handloom Products provided the barter commodity for everyday wear and luxury products.
• Indians consumed Indonesian spices leading to inter Asian trade, or country trade monopolized by the Dutch after replacing Pprtuguese.
• Van Soldt got a farman from Golconda to set up a factory at Masulipatanam.

Dutch settlements

• Musolipatnam-1605   Pulicat -1610
• Surat- 1616        Bimulipatnam -1641
• Karikal- 1645
• Pipli,Balasore, Chinsura-1653
• Nagapattanam -1659
• Cochin (from portugese) Ahmedabad-1663

• Arrival of John Mildenhall, a merchant adventurer in India in 1599 by the overland route.
• On 31st December, 1600 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to The Governor and company of Merchants of London Trading into the East – Indies, later came to be known as East India Company for 15 year.
• Grant of a fresh charter even before the expiry of the first charter by James I (1609) giving East India company the monopoly for an indefinite period.
• Decision to set up a factory at Surat in and for this Captain Hawking arrived at Jahagir’s court in 1609, due to Portuguese failed in it
• Defeat of a Portuguese fleet by English under Captain Best at Swally (near surat in 1612). Grant of a farman by Jahangir permitting the English to set up a factory at surat in 1613
• Arrival of Sir Thomas Roe, as ambassador of James I, at Jahagir’s court in 1615 and his stay there till the end of 1618
• Thomas Roe obtained the permission from Jahangir to trade and erect factories in different parts of empire in 1618 at Broach, agra, Surat, ahmadabad.
• Thomas Roe left India for England in 1619.
• Factories: Masulipatanam (1611) for export of cloth to Persia and Bantam.
• Surat (1613) first factory in India.
• Madras (1639) by Francis Day from Nayaka of  Chandragiri. Fort St. George was built here.
• Balasore, Pipli (1661)
• Hughli (1651) by Bridgeman
• Patna, Qasim bazaar, Rajmahal,
• Hawkins had been given mansab of 400 by Jahangir
• In 1668 Bombay was transferred to East-India company by James II for 10 per Years.
• In 1687, Bombay became seal of the western presidency, it replaced surat.
• In 1661 Shah Hahan’s Nishan granted free trade in Begal for Rs. 3000 P.A
• Settlements of Coromandal coast were brought under Fort St. George (Madras in 1661. Settlements of Bengal and Bihar were also subordinated to it
• Sir Josiah Child, a Director in London, pursued aggressive policies leading to trouble with the Mughals, due to piracy of interlopers. Who captured two Mughal ships and harassment of Haj pilgrims. Aurangzeb ordered the siddis to blocked Bombay. But later pardoned on plea in John child
• Shaista Khan exempted them from duties in 1672
• In 1682 William Hedge’s (first governor of Bengal) mission to Shaista Khan to fortify Hughli failed.
• In 1688 Captain William Heath (Governor of Bengal ) stormed Balasore.
• Job Charnock established a factory at Sutanati in 1690 Along with Govindpur, Kalikata it emerged as Calcutta.
• In 1691 Ibrahim Khan’s farman exempted them from customs duties for Rs. 3000 p.a, during the reign of Aurangzeb .
• In 1696,Shobha Singh’s (a Zamindar of Burdwan ) rebellion led to fortifiation of Sutanate.
• British purchased the Zamindaris of Sutanati Govindpur and Kalikata from Prince Azimush Shah in 1698 for Rs. 1200. Their fortification in 1700 as Fort-William
• Charles Eyre was the first president (Governor) of FortWilliam
• General Aungier was the first governor of Bombay (1669-1677)
• Masulipatam (1611)was first English settlement on East-coast
• In 1717 Farrukh siyar confirmed the privileges (farman)of 1691 and extended them to Gujarat and Deccan also.
• Formation of a rival compay by a group of merchants under sir William courtein in 1635 and granted a licence to trade in the East by Charles I. But soon amalgamated with East India compay in 1649
• East-India Company became a Joint stock company by a charter of Cromwell in 1657.
• In 1694, a resolution was passed by the British Parliament giving equal rights to all Englishmen to trade in the East.
• Formation of a new rival company, known as the “English company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies (in 1698) Which sent Sir William Norris as an ambassador to Aurangzeb to secure trading privilege but failed. It merged in EIC in 1702
• n   Amalgamation of all British companies (by the award of the Earl of Goldolphin 1708) under the title of   “The united Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies”. (this new company continued its existence till 1858).Its poplar name was East India Company.
• In 1713 Murshid Quli Khan annulled all privileges of the English, he wanted English to customs duties as others.
• ‘Maratha ditch’ dug by English in 1743 north East of Calcutta for protection of the city against invasions.
• East-India Company was regulated by court of Directors.
• Queen Elizabeth was the largest share holder of East India Company
• Charter of 1632 empowered the company to control and punish its employees in India.
• Bombay was fortified by Charles Boon in 1720.
• Company’s mint was located in Bombay.
• Free Merchants were called Interlopers by the EIC . Whigs supported the free merchants.
• In 1715 Johan Surnam (governor of Calcutta) and William Hammilton cured Farrukhsiyar of disease and gained a farman (1717), called the Magna Carta of company.
• The immediate aim of the company was the acquisition of the spices and pepper of the Eastern Archipelago.
• FortWilliam (Calcutta) was named after king William III
• In 1701, Aurangzeb ordered the general arrest of all the Europeans in India.

English settlements

• Surat-1608       Musolipatnam -1611
• Pulicat- 1620   Armagaon- 1626
• Madras-1639  Hugly-1651
• Bombay-1669 
• Sultanati, Calicuta, Govindpur-1698

• Colbert, minister of Louis xiv, created the compangnie des Indes Orientales in 1664.(i.e. French East-India company)
• French East-India company was under the state patronage and it was fincance by the state.
• It began in Madagascar.
• Establishment of the first French factory at Surat by Francois Caron in 1668
• Establishment of factory at Masulipatam by Marcara in 1669
• In 1673, acquisition of village of Valikondapuram (Pondicherry ) and Bellanger de Lespinay by Francois Martin from Muslim governor, Sher Khan Lodi
• Francois Martin was the first governor of Pondicherry.
• In 1690 they got Chandernagar in Bengal from mughal governor, Shaista Khan.
• In 1672, De Lattaye seized San Thome but had to surrender to the Sultan of Golconda.
• In 1693, the Dutch captured Pondicherry but returned it by the Treaty of Ryswick.
• In 1720, the company was reconstituted as the Perpetual company of Indies by Lenoir and Dumos.
• Maurtius (1721), Mahe (1725), Calicut, Yanam and Karikal (1739) were occupied.
• Arrival of Dupleix, French Governor in India in 1742 and the beginning of the Anglo-French conflict (Carnatic wars), resulting in defeat of French power in India.
• French were finally defeated in the battle of Wandiwas (1760) by English  and they lost almost all Indian settlements (by the treaty of Paris in 1763) to English
• Pondicherry (FortLouis, was centre of French settlements in India. Francois Martin was the First French governor in India.
• ‘Superior Council of Indies; was the supreme body of French East India company and director general was its chief.
• Superior council was consisted of five members, presided over by governor.
• French commander Martin accepted the suzerainty of Shivaji and got trading privileges in Lieu of a fixed amount.
• French got permission from Shambhaji to fortify Pondicherry in 1689
• They were in association of Dost Ali of Carnatic.
• At the suggestion of Dost Ali, Mughal ruler Mahammad Shah granted French right to mint and issue gold & silver coins having name of Mughal ruler.

French settlements

• Surat-1668                              Musoplipatnam -1689
• SanThome- 1672                    Pondicherry-1673
• Chandra Nagar- 1674 Mahe- 1725
• Karikal-1739

Carnatic wars and annexation of the carnatic state:

First war (1745-1748)

• Capture of the French ships by the English navy under Barnet (1745) Retaliation of the French under Dupleix by the capture of Madras (1746)
• Appeal of the English to the Carnagtic Nawab to save them from the French and  secure the release of Madras from the French.
• Refusal of the French to obey the Nawab (Anwar –ud-din ) and the battle between the forces of  the Nawab (10000) and the French (around 1000) at St. Thome which resulted in a severe defeat to the Nawab, exposing the weakness of the traditional India armies against the European trained armies

Second war (1749-1754)

• French support to Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in Hyderabad and Carnatic respectively, English support to their opponents in the two states (Nasir Jang in Hyderabad and Anwaruddin and later his son Muhammad Ali in the Carnatic).
• Success of the French in both states in defeating and murdering their opponents and placing their supporters on the thrones in 1749.
• Capture of Arcat by the English under C live (1751); Successive defeats of the French by the English ; Capture and execution of Chanda Sahib (he was killed by a general of Tanjore, an ally of the British during the war-1752) and placement of Muhammd Ali on the throne of the Carnatiac.
• Futile efforts of Dupleix to reverse the trend (1753-1754), and his recall by the French Government (1754) (Still the French, through their agent Bussy, retained their position at Hyderabad)

Third war (1758-1763)

• Outbreak of the Seven Year’s War in Europe in 1754 and the Capture of Chandranagore by Clive and Watson (1757) in Bengal.
• Arrival of Count de Lally to retrieve the position of the French in India (1758)
• Defeat of the French Fleet under’d’ Ache by the English bay;under Pocock in three naval battles, and the departure of ‘d’ Ache for France (1759)
• Defeat of count Lally by the English General Eyre Coote in the battle of Wandiwash (a fort in the CarnaticState) (22nd January. 1760)
• Replacement of French by the English as the Nizam’s protectors (March, 1760).
• Surrender of Pondicherry to the English (1761) and loss of all other settlements in India by the French.
• Conclusion of peace and restoration of the settlements to French (1763); But the French henceforth lived under British protection.

Bengal wars and conquest of bengal

Battle of plassy (1757)

• Misinterpretation of the Mughal farman (declaration of 1717 by the British and their misuse of the dastaks’ of  free passes.
• Personality of Siraj-ud-daula-Being young and energetic, though inexperienced and hasty, the new nawab wanted to impose the same restrictions as was done by his predecessors on the British, who now felt strong enough to oppose his authority after their success in south India.
• The fortification of Calcutta by the british against the Nawab’s orders.

Results and significance

• Paved the way for the British control of Bengal and eventually the whole of India.
• Boosted the prestige of the British and a made them a major contender for the Indian empire.
• Enabled the company and its servants to amass untold wealth at the cost of the people of Bengal.
• Marked the beginning of the Drain of Wealth from India to Britain, i.e economic exploitation of India by British.

Battle of buxar (1764)

• Conflict for sovereign power between English and MirQasim’s the Nawab of Bengal.
• Misuse of the Farman of 1717 and the dastaks by the British, and the abolition of all duties on internal trade by the Nawab.
• Misbehaviour of the British with Nawab’s officaials and the oppression of the local people by the company’s servants.

Results and significance

• Made the British the de facto rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (dual government)
• Made the Nawab of Awad ha dependent of the company and the Mughal emperor its pensioner, thus raising the prestige of the compay.
• Demonstration of the superiority of the English in military skills and arms.

• The state of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk (Chin Qilich Khan) Asaf Jah in 1724
• He founded Asaf Sahi dynasty here.
• He belonged to Turani Muslim Party of Mughal nobility
• From 1722 to 1724 he was the wazir of the Mughal Empire (Muhammad Shah Rangila’s wazir)
• He played a leading role in the overthrow of the Sayyid brothers and awarded vice-royalty of the Deccan.
• He never openly declared his independence from the central govermment of Delhi but in practice he acted like an independent ruler.
• He followed a tolerant policy towards the Hindus. A Hindu Puran Chand was his Diwan.
• Farrukhsiyar had conferred on him titles of Khan-I-Dauran and later of Nizam-ul-Mulk
• His original name was Chinqulich Khan
• Emperor Muhammad Shah granted him the title of Asaf Jah.
• He died in 1748 and after his death the state of Hyderabad fell aprey to the disruptive forces.
• In 1798 Nizam Ali signed Subsdiary Alliance with British.
• In 1748 war of succession broke between Nasir Jung and Muzzafar Jung. English supported Nasir Jung and French supported Muzzafar Jung. Muzzafar Jung ascended the throne in 1750 with French help.
• Salabat Jung got the throne with French help in 1751.He signed a treaty with Carnal Ford in 1760.
• During the reign of Nasir-ul-Dawala British got Berar for the maintenance of army. He supported East India company during the revolt of 1857.
• Usman Ali Khan was the last ruler of Hyderabad
• Rulers of Hyderabad were called Nizam.

Haider ali

• The State of Mysore was founded by Wodeyar dynasty in 1565, after the fall of Vijaynagar Empire.
• The most important power that emerged in South India was Mysore under Haider Ali
• It had preserved its precarious independence ever since the end of the Vijayanagar Empire.
• It was nominally a part of the Mughal Empire.
• In early 18th century two ministers Nanjaraj and Devraj had seized power in Mysore reducing the king, Chikka Krishna Raj to mere puppet.
• Haider Ali was born in 1721 in an obscure family, started his career as a petty officer in the Mysore army.
• He established a modern arsenal in Dindugal in 1755 with the help of French expers.
• In 1761 he overthrew Nanjaraj and Devraj and established his authority over the MysoreState.
• He conquered territories of Bidnur, sunda, Sera, Canara and Malabar.
• Although illiterate he was an efficient administrator
• He introduced Mughal administrative and revenue system in his dominions.
• He liberate and tolerant in religious matters. His first Dewan and many other officials were Hindus.
• He waged wars against Maratha Sardars, the Nizam and the British.
• When he defended the capital of Mysore, Seringapatnam against the Marathas in 1759, he was given the title of ‘Fateh Haider Bahadur’.
• In 1769, he defeated the British forces in the first Anglo Mysore war.
• He died in 1782 in the course of the second Anglo Mysore war and was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.

Tipu sultan (1750-1799)

• also known as the Tiger of Mysore,
• In addition to his role as ruler, he was a scholar, soldier, and poet.
• He was a devout Muslim but the majority of his subjects were Hindus. At the request of the French, he built a church, the first in Mysore.
• Alliance with the French in their struggle with the British
• He was proficient in many languages.
• He helped his father Hyder Ali defeat the British in the Second Mysore War, and negotiated the Treaty of Mangalore with them.
• However, he was defeated in the Third Anglo-Mysore War and in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War by the combined forces of the British East India Company, the Nizam of Hyderabad and to a lesser extent, Travancore and the Marathas.
• Tipu Sultan died defending his capital Srirangapattana, on 4 May 1799.

Murshid quli khan (1717-27)     

• Bengal became an independent Vice-royalty under Murshid Quli khan.
• Farrukhsiyar granted the voernorship of Orissa to him in 1719.
• He transferred his capital from Dacca to Murshidabad.
• Three major uprising during his rule were first by Sitaram Ray, Udayanarayan and Ghulam Mohammad And then by Shujat Khan and finally by Najat Khan. After defeating them, Murshid Qulikhan gave their Zamindaris to his favourite Ramjivan.
• Murshid Quli khan affected economies in the adminstration and recognized the finances of Bengal by transferring large parts of Jagir lands into Khalisa lands by carrying out a fresh revenue settlement and by introducing the system of revenue farming.
• He also granted agricultural loans (taccavi) to the poor cultivators to relieve their stress as well as to enable them to  pay land revenue in time.
• The system of revenue faming led to increased economic pressure on the Zamindar and  peasants.
• He collected the revenue from zamindars and peasants with utmost cruelty.
• Expansion of trade and commerce took place in his reign.
• Murshid Quli Khan and the succeeding Nawabs gave equal opportunities for employment to Hindus and Muslims.
• In choosing revenue farmers Murshid Quli Khan gave preference to local Zamindars and Mahajans (Money landers) who were mainly Hindus.
• Murshid Quli Khan died in 1727 and his son-in-law Shuja-Uddin ruled Bengal till 1739.

Alivardi khan (1740-56)

• In 1739 Alivardi Khan deposed and killed Shuja-Uddin‘s son Sarfaraz Khan in the battle of Gheria, near Monghur and became Nawab of Bengal.
• Siraj-Ud Daulah (1756-57) defeated by Brittish in battle of Plasseyand captured & Killed.
• Mir Jafar (1763-60)
• Mir Qasim (1760-63)was defeated by British in the battle of Buxar in 1764.
• Mir Jafar (1763-65)
• Nazam-Ud-Daulah (1765-72) period of dual Government in Bengal. After him Bengal came under direct control of East India Company in all matters.
• The Nawabs of Bengal established regular thanas and chowkies. They checked private trade by officials.
• Alivardi Khan did not allow the british and French to fortify their factories in Calcutta and Chandernagore.
• But they do not firmly put down the increasing tendency of the English East India Company after 1707 to use military force to threaten its use, to get demands accepted.
• The Nawabs of Bengal neglected to build a strong army and paid a heavy priod for it.
• Alivardi Khan was constantly troubled by the repeated invasions of the Marathas and in the end he had to cede a large part of Orissa to them.

Saddat khan barhan-ul-mulk(1722-39)

• The founder of the autonomous kingdom of Awadh was Saddat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk who was appointed Governor of Avadh in 1722.
• He carried out a fresh revenue settlement in 1723.
• He improved the lot of the peasants by protecting them from the oppression by the big zamindars.
• He did not discriminate between Hindus and Muslims. Many of his commanders and high officials were Hindus.
• He fought agains Nadir Shah in 1739.
• Before his death in 1739, he had made the province of a hereditary possession.
• He committed suicide for some unknown reasons in 1739.

Safdar jang (1739-54)

• Safdar Jang succeeded Saadat Khan and was simultaneously appointed Wazir of the Empire in 1728 and granted in addition the province of Allahabad. He made an alliance with the Marathas.
• He carried on Warfare against the Rohillas and the Bangash Pathans. He won the support of the Rajputs.
• He organized an equitable system of justice. He did not discriminate between the Hindu and the Muslims. The highest post in the Government was held by a Hidu, Maharaja Nawab Rai.
• He maintained a very high standard of personal morality. All his life, he was devoted to his only wife.

Shuja-ud-dalah (1754-75)

• Became Nawab of oudh as well as the wazir of the Mughal empire in 1754.
• Participated in the battle of Buxar and he had to pay heavy indemnity to the British besiders Allahabad and Kara.
• He defeated Rohilas and annexed Rohilkhan in 1774.

Asaf-ud-daulah (1775-1797)

• He transferred his capital from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1775.
• Concluded treaty of Faizabad (in 1775) with the British which further increased his liabilities.
• Wazir Ali (1797-98)

Wazid ali shah

• He was the last ruler of Oudh.
• He was well known for his luxurious life and his penchant for songs and musics.
• Lord Dalhousie annexed Oudh in 1856 and pensioned him off Calcutta.
• The prolonged period of peace and of economic prosperity of the nobles under the Government of the Nawabs resulted in time in the growth of a distinct Lucknow culture around the Oudh court.

• The Jats occupied the region around Delhi, Agra, and Mathura. The Jat state of Bharatpur was founded by Churaman and Badan Singh.
• Jat power reached its highest glory under Surajmal, who is considered as the plato of the Jat tribe.
• Surajmal’s state included the districts of Agra, Mathura, Meerut, and Aligarh.
• Surajmal adopted the Mughal revenue system to lay the foundation of an enduring stae.
• After his death in 1763, the Jat state declined.

• Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century.
• The transformation of the Sikhs into miliant community was begun by Guru Hargovind.
• It was under the leadership of Guru Govind Singh (10th Guru) that they became a political power and military force.
• Guru Govind Singh founded Khalsa in 1699.
• Guru Govind Singh waged constant war against Aurangzeb. But after Aurangzeb’s death, he joined Bhadur Shah’s campus a noble of the rank of 5000 zat.
• After Govind Singh’s death, his disciple Banda Singh, widely known as Banda Bahadur began the sikh war of independence against the Mughalimperial authority.
• Banda was captured in 1715 and put to death in 1716 in delhi.
• In 1764, the Sikhs assembled at Amritsar and struck the first coins of silver with the legend degh, tegh and Fateh. It marked the proclamation of Sikh sovereignty in the Punjab.
• Between 1763 and 1773 they extended their power from saharanpur to Attock and from Multan to Jammu.
• The organized themselves into twelve misls.

Ranjit singh

• His father Maha Singh was leader of sukarchakiya misl and his territory extended theRavi and the Chenab.
• Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 12 and undr his the Sikh power reched at its Zenith.
• Zaman Shah, the son of Ahmad Shah Abdali considered Ranjit singh to be rightful ruler of the Punjab.
• He captured Lahore in 1799
• In 1802 he annexed Amritsar from Bhargi misl.
• He brought all sikh chiefs west of the Sutlej under his control and established his own kingom of Punjab in 1799
• In 1808, Ranjit Singh crossed Sultej and captured Faridkot, Malerkotla and Ambala.
• Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between English and Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh agreed to confine his activities to the west of the Sutlej.
• He occupied Kangra, in 1809 , Attock in 1813, Multan in 1818, Kashmir in 1819 Peshawar in 1823 and ma\ny others like Tonk, Kohat, Bannu etc.
• Meeting between Ranjit Singh and LordBentick took place in 1831.
• Lord Auckland forced Ranjit singh to sign the tripartite treaty with Shah Shuja and the English in 1838, which gave the English the freedom to pass troops through Punjab. This treaty held at Lahore.
• In 1834 be captured Peshawar.
• He built a powerful army and recruited Pathans , Biharis, Pathans, Dogras, Punjabis, Muslims etc. in his army.
• He set up modern foundaries to manufacture cannon at Lahore and Amritsar.
• Ranjit Singh died in 1839.

Administration

• Land revenue was between 33% to 40% which depended on the fertility of soil.
• Highest court was Adalat-I-Ala at Lahore, Justice  was a local matter.
• Paid monthly salary to soldiers.
• Army was called “Fauz-I-Khas, which was organized by “General Vanttura” and ‘Allard’. Both were Europeans.
• Illahi Baksh-head of Cannon & artillery.
• Fakir Azizuddin was his foreign minister.
• French traveler Victor Jacama visited his court and compared him with Napolean.

Ranjit singh’s successors

• Kharak Singh,Nao Nihal singh,Sher Singh,Dalip singh
• After Ranjit singh death, three rulers Kharak singh, Nao Nihal singh and Sher singh were muredered within 6 years.
• Dalip singh succeeded at the minor age of 5 in 1845 and Rani Jindan as his regent.
• During the reign of Dalip Singh, the English invaded the Punjab, defeated the Sikhas at Aliwa and Sabraon, occupied Lahore.
• Treaty of Lahore was signed on March 9, 1849 Under this treaty Jullandeer Doab was ceded to the English, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed as the British resident at Lahore. A war indemnity of 1.5 crore ws imposed and the Sikh army was limited to 200 infantry and 12000 cavalry . Gulab Singh, who was instrumental in these negotiations was given Kashmir by the Company.
• Treaty of Bhairowal took place in December, 1846 . Rani Jindan was removed as regent and a council of Regency was set up, consisting of 8 sikh sardars and presided over by Henry Lawrence.
• Mulraj and Sher Singh rose in revolt, thus culminating in the general rebellion of the Sikhs in 1846. Thus the second Anglo-Sikh war started.
• Sikhs lost in the battle of Gujarat, a town near Chenab in 1849
• Punjab was annexed in 1849 beyond Dalhousie. Dalip singh was deposed and sent to England along with his mother, Rani Jindan. Sir Henry Lawrence became the first chief Commissioner of Punjab.