MUGHALS

Babur (1526-30)

• Full Name-Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur., Father- Umar Shaikh Mirza, Belonged to Chagatai race or Turks, Born-at Ferghana, in 1483
• First invasion of India agains Yusufzai tribe In 1519.
•  His autobiography Tuzuki-I-Baburi in Turk. Its Persian translation as Baburnama.
• Wrote poems in Persian and invented new style of metrics (chhands)as Mubaiya.
• Prominent poet of Turk language and in it he wrote Diwan as a leading work.
• Laid foundation of Mughal dynasty in India by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in first battle of Panipat in 1526.
• In 1527 he defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in battle of Khanwa on the bank of river Piliakhar.
• In 1529 he defeated Ibrahim Lodi’s younger brother, Mahmud Lodi in battle of Ghaggarar.
• His Indian empire extended from Himalyayas in north to Gwalior in South and from Khyber pass in west to border of Bengal in east.
• At Panipat, Raja Bikramajit of Gwalior allied with Ibrahim Lodi. Humayun got the Koh-I-noor from Bikramajit’s family.

Humayun (1530-40 and 1555-56)

• Full name-Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun, Birth-1508, in Kabul., At the age of 12 years governor of Badkkhashan.
• Built Dinpanah (6th city of Delhi) inDelhi. It was his capital.
• In 1532, defeated Afghans under Mohammad Lodi at Dauhrua.
• In 1530, attacked Kalinjar.
• In 1539, Afghans leader Sher Shah defeated him at Chausa (Bihar)
• In 1540 Sher Shah again defeated him in battle of Kanauj.
• Architect of Humayun’s tomb; Mirza Inayatullah.

• Humayun brought two painters from Iran-Mir Sayyad Ali and Abdus Samad.
• Humayun made a water carrier, Nizam ruler for one day, because he had saved his life during battle of Chausa (1539) against Sher Shah.
• Humayun married Hamida Banu begum in 1541
• Akbar (Salim) was born at Amarkot in 1542.
• Sons-Salim, Murad, Daniyal
• Died in 1556 of fall from his library Sher Mandal.
• His tomb in Delhi,built by his widow Hamida Banu during the reign of Akbar.

Akbar (1556-1605)

• In 1556 crowned at Kalanaur (Punjab) at the age of 13 years.
• 2nd battle of Panipat 5th Nov. 1556 defeated Hemu Baqqal/ Hemchandra, commander of Mohammed Adil Sur Hemu’s title Vikramaditya/ Vikramajit.
• Bairam Khan was his regent from 1556 to 1560.  Bairam Khan was a Shia.
• Bairam Khan was assassinated by Mubarak Khan at Patan (Gujarat ) on his way to Mecca.
• Bairam’s widow Salima Begum was married to Akbar and her son (from Bairam Abdur Rahim joined the court of Akbar later became the Khan-I-Khanan.
• Akbar’s full name; Jalaluddin Mohammed Akabr.
• His chief advisor Mir Abdul Latif.
• His tomb at Sikandara, near Agra.
• Laid the foundation of Fateh Pur Sikri as his capital.
• In 1576, the battle of Haldighati was fought between Maharana Pratap and Akbar.
• Learnt the principles of Sulah-I-Kul from his teacher Mir abdul Latif.
• The last battle fought by Akbar was Asirgarh in 1601.

Religious policy

• In 1582, he started Din-I-ilahi (Tauhid-I-Ilahi)
• Pilgrim tax and Jaziya were abolished in 1563 and 1564 respectively.
• Set up Ibadat Khana at Sikri for religious discussion, held on every Thursday evening from 1575.
• Later Ibadat Khana was opended to Scholars of all faiths.
• In 1579 Akbar read the Khutba (written by poet Faizi)
• In his own name like the prophet and Caliphs.
• 1579 proclamation of the Mahzar,all imams signed it whereby he became Imam-I-Adil, the supereme interpreter of Islamic law in all controversial matters, it made him higher than a Mujtahid (interpreter of Islamic law)
• in 1582 Tauhid-I-Ilahi (Divine monotheism) was initiated 80 years later it came to be called Din-I-Ilahi. It was sufistic.

Jahangir (1605-1628)

• Jahangir was born on 9 September 1569 at Fatehpur Sikri.
• on Akbar’s death in November 1605, he assumed the throne. Though his own son, Khusrau, then seventeen years old, led a military campaign against his father, Jahangir captured him and rendered him blind.
• In 1611, Jahangir married Mehrunissa, assumed the title of Nur Jahan, ‘Light of the World’.
• his daughter, Mumtaz Mahal, was married to Khurram (later Shah Jahan), Jahangir’s other son, in 1612.
• Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar, Jahangir’s youngest son from his other queen, in the hope of having a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died.
• Jahangir lacked the political enterprise of his father Akbar. But he was an honest man and a tolerant ruler.
• He strived to reform society and was tolerant towards Hindus, Christians and Jews. However, relations with Sikhs were strained, and the fifth of the ten Sikh gurus, Arjun Dev, was executed at Jahangir’s orders for giving aid and comfort to Khusrau, Jahangir’s rebellious son.
• Art, literature, and architecture prospered under Jahangir’s rule, and the Mughal gardens in Srinagar remain an enduring testimony to his artistic taste.

Shah jhahan (1628-58)

• Popular name-Khurram, Birth-1592 at Lahore., Death-1668., Tomb-Agra (Taj Mahal), Married to Banu Begum (later Mumtaj Mmahal), daughter of Ashaf Khan.
• Born to Jagat Gosain, daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur.
• Dawarbaksh and Gurshasp the sons of Khusrau, Tahmurs and Hosnang the sons of Danyal along with Shahryar were killed.
• Asaf Khan (father-in-law) official title ‘Uncle’ was given mansab of 9000 Zat and Sawar Du Aspa Sih Aspa.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

• Full name Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir., 3rd  son of Mumtaz., Born in 1618, at Dohad/ Dhud., Married Dilras Banu Begum, Adopted title Alamgir (world victor),
• In 1679 reimposed Jaziya.
• Abolished Rahdari (toll tax) and Pandari tax. (custom)
• Festival of Nauroz was banned.
• Weighing of ruler (tuladan) on his birth day was stopped.
• Jharokha darshan (King’s appearance before people in the morning ) was stopped.
• Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687) were annexed.
• Executed Shivaji’s son, Shambhajee.
• His tomb is located in Aurangabad.
• Expert Vina player.

Rebellions

• In 1669, Jats under golek.
• In 1672, Satnamis, nick-named Mundiya Sadhus, founded by Birbhan near Narnaul revolted.
• In 1685, second Jat rebellion under Raja Ram and his successor Churaman
• In 1667, Yusufzai tribe of Afghans, under the Raushanai movement led by Bhagu rebelled.
• In 1672, second Afghan rebellion by the Afridi tribe led by Akmal Khan.

Facts about dara shikoh

• He was the eldest son of Shah Jahan and most favourable candidate for throne.
• Liberal and polite in nature.
• Follower of Qadiri Silsila of Sufism.
• He was disciple of Minya Mir and Mulla Shah Badkhshi.
• Shah Jahan conferred upon him title Shah-e-Buland-Ekbal.
• Translated Upanisads into Persian.
• His main works are:                           
• Safinat-ul-Auliya-Biographies of Sufi Saints.
• Sakinat-ul-Auliya-Biographies of his gurus: Miyan Mir & Mulla Shah.
• hasanat-ul-Arifin-Collection of his religious views
• Majama-ul-Bahrain-Collection of his religious views.
• Sirr-I-Akbar-Translation of Upanisads.

Books translated into persian

• Baburnama-Abdur Rahim Khan-I-Khanan.
• Mahabharat-Abdul Qadir, Badayuni, Naqib Khan and Sheikh Sultan as Razmanama
• Ramayana-Adbul Qadir, Badayuni, Naqib Khan and Sheikh Sultan.
• Atharvaveda-Hazi Ibrahim Sirhindi
• Panchatantra-Abul Fazl. As Anwar Suhaili
• Rajatarangini-Mulla Shah Muhammad.
• Lilavati-Faizi
• Nal-Damayanti-Faizi
• Bhagavat Gita- Faizi, also Dara.
• Haribans Purana- Maulana Shairie.
• Kalia Daman- Abul Fazl.
• Sinhasan Batisi- Faizi and others.

Administration

• Territory of empire was divided into Khalsa, Jagir and Inam.
• Only autonomous rajas were allowed to maintain their traditional lands called Watan Jagir.
• The empire was divided into Subas (provinces).
• In Akbar’s reign 12 Subas, later 15, Aurangzeb had 21 subas.
• Initially Wakil was all powerful prime minister, but was stripped off its powers and made into principal revenue advisor only.
• Akbar used the term Diwan or Diwan-I-Ala in lieu of Wakil.
• Mir Bakshi: Head of military Department.
• Barids: intelligence officers.
• Waqia-navis : News reporter.
• Mir-Saman: Incharge of imperial house hold.
• Qazi-ul-Qazat: Chief Qazi (chief justice)
• Abdul nabi was Akbar’s chief Qazi.
• Sadr-us-Sadr: Incharge of charitable and religious endownments.
• Diwan-I-Bayutut : incharge of Karkhanas.
• Gushal-Khana: Private consultation Chamber.
• Mir-Atis : Incharge of ordinance department.
• Mir-I-Bahr: Incharge of boats.
• Mir-Munshi : Incharge of correspondence
• Daroga-I-Taksal : Incharge of mints.

Nava ratna in Akbar’s court (9 scholars)

1.         Mulla Dopyaja           

2.         Abdur Rahim Khan-Khanan

3.         Tansen

4.         Raja Todarmal

5.         Birbal

6.         Hamim Human

7.         Abul Fazl                     

8.         Man Singh                              

9.         Faizi.

Bahadur SHAH (1707-12)

• After the death of Aurangzeb, Muaazam emerged victorious in the war of succession.
• Muaazam ascended the throne with the name of Bahadur Shah-I in 1707 at the age of 67.
• In the lastalays of Aurangzeb, war of succession broke among his three surviving sons, Prince Muaaza, Muhammad Azam and Kam Bakhsh.
• Muaazam defeated and killed Muhammad Azam at Jajua (18 june, 1707) and Kam Bakhash near Hyderabad (13th Jan,1709)
• Bahadur Shah-I released the Marathea Prince, Shahu who had been in Mughal captivity since 1689 and allowed him to return to Maharashtra.
• Bahadur Shah-I defeated Sikh leader Banda Bahadur at Lohgrah and Mughal forces reoccupied Sirhind in January 1711.
• Bahadur Shah-I died on 27 Feb. 1712.
• Sidney Owen writes, “ He (Bahadur Shah I ) was the last emperor of whom anything favourable can be said henceforth rapid and complete abasement and practical dissolutions of the empire are typified in the Incapacity and political insignificance of its sovereign.”
• Jaziya was withdrawn which had been impased by Aurangzeb.
• Independence of Mewar and marwar was acknowledged.
• He tried to consolidate the rebellious Sikhs by making peace with Guru Govind Singh and giving him a high mansab.
• He made peace with the Bundela Chief, Chhatrasal and the Jat chief Churaman joined him in the campaign against Banda Bahadur.
• There was deterioration in the field of administration. The Mughal historian Khafi Khan gives him the title of Shah-I-bekhabar.
• He granted the Maratha sardars the Sardeshmukhi but failed to grant them Chauth.Thus, they were not fully satisfied.
• He did not recognize Shahu as the rightful Maratha king.
• During his reign the remnants of the Royal treasury amunting in 1707 to same Rs. 3 crores of repees, were exhausted.

Jahandar shah (1712-13)

• He won the war of succession because he was supported by Zulfiqar Khan, the most powerful noble of the time.
• He was dominated by his mistress Lal Kunwar. She imitated the style of Nur Jahan.
• Administration was virtually in the hands of Zulfiqar Khan.
• Jahandar Shah was the first later Mughal ruler to get the throne with the help of nobles.
• The policies of Aurangzeb were reversed.
• Jai singh of Amber as given the title of Mirza Raja Sawai and appointed governor of Gujarat.
• Shahu was granted Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of  Deccan on the condition that these would be collected by Mughal officials and would be handed over to the Marathas.
• Zulfiqar Khan started the evil practive of Ijarah or revenue farming.
• Zulfiqar Khan pacified Churaman jat and Chhatrasal Bundela. Only towards Banda and the Sikhas did continue he old policy of  suppression.
• Zulfiqar Khan made an attempt to improve the finances of the Empire by checking the reckless growth of jagirs and offices.
• During the reign of Jahandar Shah, violence and debauchery had in full way. Kanwar Khan says about his reign: the owl dwelt in the eagle;s nest and the crow took the place of the nightingale.
• Jahandar shah’s reign came to an end in Januay 1713, when he was defeated at Agra by Farrukh Sayyid with the help of Saiyid brothers, Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan.

Farrukh shiyar (1713-19)

• Decisive role of Sayyid brothers in the succession of Farrukh Shiyar.
• Sayyid brothers were known as King makers.
• Sayyid brothers dominated mughal court and empire from 1713 to 1719, the elder brother, Abdullah khan was wazir and younger, Hussain Ali Khan was Mur Bakshi.
• Sayyid brother belongd to Hindustani group of mughal nobility.
• Chin Qilich Khan Bahadur, better known as Nizam-ul-mulk was appointed governor of the six provinces of Deccan.
• Zulfiqar Khan was treacherously murdered on Farrukh Shiyar’s order
• Banda Bahadur, the Sikh leader was captured and execeeted in 1716.
• In 1719 Hussain Ali made a settlement with Balaji Vishwanath by which he made many concessions to Marathas for their active armed assistance in the struggle for supremacy going on in Delhi.
• Sayyid brothers adopted the policy of religious tolerance. They abolished the jaziya and pilgrim tax from a number of places.
• Beginning of struggle between the emperor and Sayyad brothers for Power.
• He remained a plaything in the hands of the English hand the Marathas.
• In 1719, the Sayyid brothers deposed Farrukh Shiyar and killed him
• After Farrukh Shiyar , Sayyid brothers placed Rafi-ud-darajat on the throne but he died soon of consumption within 4 months.
• Then they enthroned Rafi-ud-daulah with the title of Shah Jahan II, but he too died soon.

Muhammad shah (1719-48)

• Got throne with the help of Sayyid brothers in September 1719.
• Original name-Raushan Akhtar.
• He was the most pleasure loving ruler and is therefore called “Rangila”
• Conspiracy was hatched by the nobles and emperor against the Sayyid brothers and they were murdered in 1720.
• Nizam-ul-mulk became his wazir in 1722 and made a vigorous attempt to reform the administration.
• Nizam-ul-Mulk relinquished his post of wazir in 1724 and marched to south to found the state of Hyderabad in the Deccan.
• The Jats under Badan Singh established temselves in the districts of Agra and Mathura and founded the Jat state of Bharatpur.
• In the Gagatic Doab, the Rohilas of Katihar and Bangash Pathan of Farrukhabad established their independent kingdoms.
• His (Nizam-ul-mulk;s) departure was symbolic of the flight of loyalty and virtue from the Empire”.
• Muhammad Shah’s long reign of nearly 30 years (1719-48) was the last chance of saving the Empire.
• Nadir Shah, the Napoleon of Iran invaded India and Inflicted a Crushing defeat on Mughal army at Karnal on Feb 13,1739.
• Nadir Shah captured Delhi and Muhammad shah was imprisoned. He plundered Delhi.
• Nadir Shah’s total plunder has been estimated at Rs. 70 crores. He also carried away the famous Koh-I-Noor diamond and the jewel studded peacock Throne of Shah Jahan.
• Nadir Shah invaded India twice during the reign of Rangila. It was during his second invasion that Muhammad Shah died.
• Rustam Ali, the author of Tarikh-I-Hind says that “Muhammad Shah was negligent of his duties, even he did not know of he had any duties to perform.”

Ahmad shah (1748-54)

• He was born to Muhammad Shah through a dancing girl, Udham Bai.
• In his reign Udham Bai and her paramour, Javed Khan, Became the pivot of administration.
• Safdar Jang, the Nawab of Awadh became the Wazir of the Empire.
• His wazir (after Safdar Jang), Imad-ul-Mulk blinded him and placed Alamgir-II on the throne.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India thrice during his reign.

Alamgir-ii (1754-59)

• Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded fourth time in his reign in 1755.
• The Marathas were invited by his wazir to save guard the empire against Abdali.
• In 1759 he was murdered by his wazir, Imad-ul-Mulk.

Shah alam ii (1759-1806)

• He was the son of Alamgir-II and his real name was Ali Gauhar.
• Shah Alam remained in exile for twelve years until 1772, having being afraid of his wazir.
• Along with Mir Qasim and Shuja-ul-daulah he was defeated by English at the battle of Buxar in 1764.
• He lived for several years at Allahbada as a pensioner of the East India Company
• He regained the throne of Delhi with the help of Maratha sardar Mahadji Scindhia in 1772.
• British under LordLake captured Delhi and Agra in 1803
• He was killed by Ghulam Qadir in 1806
• English concluded treaty of Allahabad (1765) by which British got Diwani rights of Begal, Bihar and Orissa in return Shah Alam-II was paid an annual pension of Rs. 26 Laksh.
• During his exile prince Shah Jahan-II was placed on the throne of Dehli.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali crossed India for the fifth time, leading to the third battle of Panipat.
• During the post panipat period, Najib Khan Ruhela, until his death in 1770 was the dictator of Delhi.
• Shah Alam II was blinded by his wazir in 1788.

Akbar ii (1806-37)

• He conferred upon Mohan Rai, the title of Raja and sent him to England to plead with the British crown to increase his sum of pension in 1833.

Bahadur shah ii (1837-1857)

• He was the last Mughal emperor.
• He was also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• He took part in the revolt of 1857 and deported to Rangoon where he died in 1862.

• Sher Shah’s original name: Farid, Belongs to Afghan tribe/race, Born to Hasan at Narnaul
• Jamal Khan Sarwani, the Governor of Jaunpur gave Hasan the Jagir of Kwaspur, Sasaram and Hazipur Tanda.
• Farid served babur Khan Lohani (Govt. of Bihar) who appointed him Vakil (deputy) and Ataliq (Tutor) of his son Jalal Khan Lohani.
• Babur Khan conferred upon him title of Sher Khan (Shah) for killing a tiger.
• He gained Chunar by marrying the widow Lad Malika
• Defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540) and got throne of Delhi (1540-45)
• Died at kalinjar in 1545 due to explosion at a canon.
• Later on Sur dynasty continued uptill 1555.

Shivaji

• A.D. 1627 or 1630: Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivner near Junnar. 1646:
• Shivaji captured the fortress of Rajgarh in 1647:
• Death of Dadaji Khonddev, Shivaji’s guardian. January, 1656:
• Shivaji annexed Javali. A.D. 1657: For the first time, Shivaji came into conflict with the Mughals when he raided Ahmadnagar and Junnar, and even looted the city of Junnar. 1659:
• Sultan of Bijapur sent a force under Afzal Khan “to bring back the rebel (Shivaji) dead or alive”. April 15, 1663:
• Shivaji entered into Shaista Khan’s appartments at Poona, slew his son, Abul Fath, a captain, forty attendants and six women of his harem. January 16-20, 1664:
• Shivaji attacked and sacked Surat. January 22, 1665: Shivaji concluded the treaty of Purandhar with Jai Singh, whereby he ceded to the Mughals twenty-three of his forts, retaining only twelve for him. May 9, 1666:
• Shivaji and Shambhuji reached Agra. November 30, 1666: Shivaji reached back his home via. Allahabad, Banares, Gaya and Telingana.
• Aurangzeb granted him the title of Raja and a Jagir in Berar, and raised his son (Shambhaji) to the rank of 5000.
• October, 1670: Shivaji sacked Surat. 1672: Shivaji demanded Chauth from Surat. June 16, 1674:
• Shivaji formally crowned himself at Raigarh, and assumed the title of Chhatrapati. 1677:
• Shivaji conquered Jinji, Vellore, and the adjoining districts.
• April 14, 1680: Shivaji died.

Adminsitration

• Empire was divided into two parts Swaraj (own kingdom) and other parts of Mughal empire which paid him Chauth.
• Swaraj was also known as Muk-I-qadim ( old territory)
• Raja Vyauahara Kosha, book on his administration, prepared by experts panel under Raghunath Pandit Hanumante.
• His council of ministers was called Ashtapradhan.
• Each minister being directly responsible to the ruler.
• Shivaji often levied chauthy and sardeshmukhi on the neighbouring tracts, which were completely at his mercy, and also on the Mughal provinces as well as some districts of the Bijapur kingdom. Chauth amounted to one-fourth of thegovernment revenue (it was nothing but a military contribution). The sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent; which Shivaji demanded on the bases of his claim as the hereditary Sardeshmukh (chief headman) of Maharashtra.
• Customs duty at Surat was 3-1/2% on all imports and exports of goods and 2% on money either gold or silver. (In Mughal period). No merchant was allowed to “carry any quantity of silver” out of the country.

Shivaji’s officers

• Shivaji was helped by a council of eight ministers-the ashtapradhan-whose functions were chief lyadvisory. The eight ministers were:
• (1) The Peshwa or the Prime Minister, who had to look after the general welfare and interests of the kingdom,
• (2) the Amatya or the Finance Minister, whose duty was to check and counter sign all public accounts;
• (3) the Mantri, who had to preserve a daily record of the kings acts and the proceedings of his court;
• (4) the sachiva or the superintendent, who was in charge of the king’s correspondence and had also to check the accounts of the mahals and paraganas;
• (5) the sumat or the Foreign secretary;
• (6) the Senapati or the Commander-i-chief;
• (7) the Pandit Rao and Danadhyaksha or the Royal Chaplain and Almoner; and
• (8) the Nyayadhisa or the Chief Justice. All the ministers, excepting the Nyayadhisa and the Pandit Rao, held military commands besides their civil duties.
• Two branches of cavalry: The bargis or soldiers provided with pay and equipment by the state, and the silahdars, who equipped themselves at their own cost, and supplied the pay and equipment of the soldiers whom they brought to the service of the state.
• In the cavalry, 25 troops formed a unit, placed under a havaldar, over five havaldars, one Jumladar, and over ten Jumladars one hazari,

Sambhaji(1680-1689)

• War of succession between Sambhaji and Rajaram.
• Sambhaji ascended the throne in 1680.
• Sambhaji placed his confidence in Brahman, whom he invested with the title of Kavi-Kailash.
• He gave shelter to Akbar-II, the rebellious son of Aurangzeb
• Sambhaji was captured at Sangameshvar and executed in 1689

Rajaram(1689-1700)

• He succeeded to throne at Raigarh but soon left for Jinji.
• Mughal captured Shambhaji’s wife and son Shahu at Raigarh in 1698.
• After fall of Jinji to Mughals in 1698. Rajaram fled to Vishalgrah.
• Satara became his new capital after fall of Jinji.
• He created new post-of Pratinidhi, thus increased the number of minister to 9.
• Death of Rajaram in 1700 at Satara.

Tarabai (1700-1707)

• After the death of Rajaram, the minor son Shivaji- II ascended the throne with Tarabai as regent.
• Aurangabad was ravaged many times.
• After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Shahu was released by Bahadur Shah-I. Thus a war began between Shahu and Tarabai.
• In 1708 Shahu defeated Tarabai in battle of Khed.
• The southern part of Maratha kindom remained with Shahuji with its capital at Kolhapur.
• After the coronation of Shahu in 1708, he conferred on Balaji Vishwanath the title of Sena Karte (the army maker).
• Balaji Vishwanath was a Konkani Brahman.
• With balaji Vishwanath, the office of  Peshwa became hereditary and Peshwas became defacto rulers of Maratha kingdom

Balaji vishwanath(1713-1720)

• Became Peshwa in 1713 during the reign of Shahu.
• He defeated Chandrasen Jadav.
• He won over Kanhoji of Angira to the side of Shahu.
• He concluded treaty with Sayyid brothers in 1719 by which Mughal emperor recognised Shahu as the king of Swaraja.
• Farrukhsiyar released all family members of Shahu and allowed him to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the six Mughal provinces of Deccan.
• 15000 troops accompanied Hussain Ali to Delhi, with the help of Maratha troops, the Sayyid brother removed Farrukhsiyar.

Baji rao-i (1720-40)

• He was considered greatest exponent of Guerrila warfare after Shivaji.
• Under him the Maratha power reached its Zenith.
• He preached the idea of Hindu pad padshahi.
• Under him, the Maratha chiefs were assigned a territory as area of Influence, which they could administer autonomously.
• The Maratha Chiefs were:
• (a) Scindhia at Gwalior.          (b) Bhonsle at Nagpur       (c) Gaekwad at baroda.          (d) Holkar at Indore      (e) Peshwa at Pune.
• Baji Rao defeated and expelled siddis of Jajira in 1733
• He conquered Bassein and Salsette from the Protuguese in 1733.
• He defeated Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad at Palkhed in 1728 and again in the battle of Bhopal in 1737.
• By convention of Durai-sarai (1737) with Nizam (Hyderabad), he got Malwa and Bundelkhand.
• Baji Rao dashed into Delhi in and captured in for 3 days.
• Sambhaji-II had accepted his position of de facto by the treaty of Warna in 1731.
• Made the Marathas supreme power in India.
• He weakened the Mughal empire. He said “ Let us strike at the trunk of the withering tree and the branches will fall themselves.”

Balaji baji rao(1740-61)

• Popularly known as Nanasahib.
• Under him the supreme power passed in the hands of Peshwa after the Sangola agreement of 1750 with Maratha ruler Ram Raja. Maratha ruler became the mayor of the palace, and Peshwa head of confederacy.
• Maratha force defeated the Bundela of Orchha and captured Jhansi in 1742. Jhansi turned a Maratha colony in Bundelkhand.
• Nizam Salabat Jang (Hyderabad ) Surrendered in 1752. (Treaty of Bhalki).
• Agreement between Mughal ruler Ahmad Shah and the Peshwa took place in 1772 . The Peshwa was to protect Mughal empire from Ahmed Shah Abdali return of Chauth of north west provinces and total revenue of Agra&Ajmer.
• Third battle of Panipat in 1761 in which Maratha were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.
• At 3rd battle of Panipat Marathas lost Viswas Rao, son of Balaji Baji Rao, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, and several other soldiers ( total 28000)
• Having heard the news of Panipat Nana Sahib died in 1761.

Madhav rao i (1761-1772)

• During him war started between him and his uncle, Raghunath Rao in 1762.
• Mahadji Scindhia occupied Delhi in 1771.
• Madhav Rao died in 1772.
• After him the Maratha dominion was in deep crisis and internal conflict.

• Tanka: a little more than a rupee.
• Jital: A copper coin; equal to 1/2 of a silver tanka of 175 grains and correspondign in value to 1 farthing (quarter of a penny).
• Adali: Revived by Mohammed Tughuq. It was equivalent in weight to 140 grains of silver.
• Shushghani: A six-jital piece.
• Coinage in the Vijayangar kingdom was both in gold and copper. There was one specimen of a silver coin. Coins bore emblems of gods and animals.
• Pulsiyah: the copper money (in the Maratha kingdom).
• (i) In Akbar’s time, the silver rupee of about 175 grains was equal to 2s, 3d. sterling.
• (ii) Jalali: a square rupee issued by Akbar.
• (iii) Dam: also called paisa or fulus; weighed 323.5 grains. It was sthe chief copper coin in Sher Shah’s currency. In Akbar’s time it was divided into twenty-five parts, known as Jitals.
• (iv) One rupee was equal to forty dams up to A.D. 1616, and thirty dams, or a little more or less.

• Zia-ud-din Barani: Authored Ta ‘rikh-i-Firuz Shahi. It was written in the time of Firus Shah, c.A.D. 1320s.
• Shams-i-Siraj ‘Afif: A near contemporary of Barni. His work was also titld Ta ‘rikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
• Minhaj-ud-din Siraj[1]: Authored Tabquat-i-Nasiri.
• Amir Khusrao[2]: Author of Khazain-ul-Futuh, Miftan-ul-Futuh, Tughlauqnamau, Tarik-i-Alai, Laila Manju, Aina Sikandari, Nur Siphir, and Hasht Bihist. He invented “sitar”. He was given the title of “nayak”.
• Hasan-un-Nizami: Wrote Taj-ul Ma’asir, full of praise for Qutb-ud-din.
• Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq: Wrote his autobiographical memoir titled Fatuhat-i-Firuz Shahi.
• ‘Ain-ul Mulk Multani. Wrote Munshat-i-Mahru. He had revolted in Awadh and was defeated in A.D. 1340-41 by Mohammad Tughluq.
• Yahiya bin Ahmad Sirhindi: Wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi, in the time of Mubarak Shah Sayyid.
• Dala ‘il-i-firuz Shahi: A Persion verse, rendered from 300 volumes of Sanskrit books on various subjects, preserved in te temple of Jwalamukhi (Nagarkot), by a court-poet of Firuz Tughluq named A ‘azz-ud-din Khalid Khani.
• A Bengali version of Mahabharata was made under the orders of Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah, the ruler of Bengal (1519-32).
• A Forgotten Empire: A history of Vijayaangar kingdom by Sewell.
• Krishna Deva Raya, the Vijayanagar ruler, wrote his magnum opus, Amuktamalyada, in Telugu. Peddana was his poet-laureate.
• Kalaniranaya: Written by Madhava Vidyaranya of vijayanagar between 1335-60; it is a commentary on a Parasara Smriti.
• Madanparijata: A smriti work written for king Madanapala (1360-70) by Visvesvara.
• Chaitanya Charitriamitra: By Krishnadas Kaviraj.
• Chandidas: The famous Vaishnava poet; he was born, probably towards the end of the fourteenth century, in the village of Nannur in the Birbhum district of Bengal, is still held in great esteem and his lyrics are known even to the common fork of Bengal.
• Vidyapati Thakur: A contemporaryof Chandidas, though a native of Mithila, Vidyapati is regarded as a poet of Bengal and his memory is venerated by the people of this province.
• Raimukut Brishspati Misra: A highly accomplished and famous writer of several works; patronised by Barbak Shah (C.A.D. 1486) of Jaunpur, himself a learned man.
• Maladhar basu: Patronised by Barbak Shah; commenced writing his Srikrishna-Vijaya in 1473; the Sultan conferred on him the title of Gujraj Khan.
• Krittivasa: Patronised by Barbak Shah of Jaunpur; his Bengali versionof Ramayan has been regarded by some as the “Bible of Bengal”.
• Sultan Nusrat Shah (A.D. 1519-32) of Gaur had the Mahabharata translated into Bengali.
• About A.D. 1300 Parthasarathi Misra wrote several works on the Karma Mimansa of which Sastra Dipika was studied most widely.
• Shaikh Najm-ud-din-Hasan: Popularly known as Hasan-i-Dihlavi; a poet of the Turko-Afghan period, whose fame was recognised outside India.
• Nizam-ud-din Auliya: Pious and learned scholar; flourished during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
• Maulana Muaiyyan-ud-din Umrani: The most notable of the literary man of the Tughluq period; wrote commentaries on the Husaini, Talkhis, and Miftan.
• Memoirs: By Babur (in his native Turki). Translated into Persian by ‘Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan in the time of Akbar in 1590; into English by Leyden and Erskine in 1826.
• Mu ‘tamid Khan authored Iqbal-Nama-i-Jahangiri. He was the court-chronicler at the time of Jahangir.
• Nuskha-i-Dikusha-by Bhimsen Burhanpuri.
• Adi Granth: By Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606), the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
• Daswen Padshah Ka Granth: By Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708).
• Dasabodh: By Ramdas Samarth, Guru of Shivaji. Ramdas was preceded in the preceeding centuries by Eknath and Tukaram, Followed by Vaman Pandit.
• Chulam Husain wrote Siyar-ul-Mutherin in the mid-eightenth century.
• Alawal was a Muhammadan poet, who translated in the 17th century the Hindi poem Padmavat into Bengali.
• Jam-i-Jahan Numa: A Persian weekly of the early 19th century.
• Humayun-Namah: By Gulbadan Begam, the daughter of Babur.
• Bolts, Croufrud and Seraftan: They were the 18th century European writers.
• Tawarikh: Written by Sayyid Maqbar Ali, a minister of Babur.
• Chandi-mangal: By Madhavacharya, a Bengali poet of Triveni and a contemporary of Akbar.
• Tarikh-i-Alfi: By Mulla Daud.
• Ain-i-akbri and Akbarnamah: By Abul Fazl.
• Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh: By Badauni.
• Tabqat-i-Akbari: By Nizam-ud-din Ahmad.
• Akbarnamah: By Faizi Sarhinidi.
• Ma’asir-i-Rahimi: By Abdul Baqi. Completed under the patronage of Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan.
• Mahabharat: It was compiled in other languages under the title of Razm-Namah.
• A.D. 1589: Badauni completed the translation of Ramayan.
• Haji Ibrahim Sarhindi translated into Persian the Atharva Veda.
• Faizi translated Lilavati, a work on Mathematics.
• Mukammal Khan Gujarati translated Tajak, a treatise on astronomy.
• Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan translated into Persian the Waqiat-i-Baburi.
• Maulana Shah Muhammad Shahabadi translated the History of Kashmir into Persian.
• Ghizall: The most famous among the verse-writers, under the patronage of Akbar.
• Other prominent poets under the patronage of Akbar were Muhammad Husain Naziri of Nishapur, who wrote ghazals of greatmerit, and Sayyid Jamaluddin Urfi of Shiraj, the most famous writer of Quasidas.
• Ghiyas Beg, Naqib Khan, Mu’tamid Khan, Niamatullah and Abdul Haqq Dhilawi adorned the court of Jahanger.
• Ma’asir-i-Jahangiri and the Zubd-ul-Tawarikh were written during Jahangir’s reign.
• Iqbalnamah-i-Jahangiri; Written by Mu’tamid Khan.
• Jahangir wrote his memoirs titled Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
• Abdul Hamid Lahori wrote Padshah-namah (in Shah Jahan’s time).
• Aminani Qazwini: Authored Padshahanamah.
• Inayat Khan: Wrote Shah Jahan-Namah.
• Muhammad Salih: Authored Amal-i-Salih (in Shah Jahan’s time).
• Works of Aurangzeb’s time:
• Khafi Khan: Authored Muntakhab-ul- Lubab. It is the most famous history of this period.
• Mirza Muhammad Kazim: Wrote Alamgirnanah.
• Muhammad Saqi: Wrote Ma’asir-i-Alamgiri.
• Sugan Ral Khatri: Wrote Khulasat-ul-Tawarikh.
• Bhimsen: Wrote Nushka-i-Dilkhusha.
• Ishwar Das: Wrote Fatuhat-i-Alamgiri.
• Religious literature of the Mughal period.
• Sur Sagar: By Surdas, a discriple of Vallabha-charya and his son Bithal Nath. He was born at Agra.
• Ras-panchadhyayi: By Nand Das.
• Chaursi Vaishnav Ki Varata: By vithal Nath (in prose).
• In Bengal:
• Krishnadas Kaviraj (born in A.D. 1517) in Burdwan): He is the author of the most important biography of Chaitanya, bearing the title of Chaitanyacharitramitra.
• Brindavan Das (born in A.D. 1507): Authored Chaitanya Bhagavata, which bedises being a standard work on the life of Chaitanya Deva, is a store-house of information concerning the Bengali society of his time.
• Jayanand (born in A.D. 1513): the author of Chaitanya Mangal, a biographical work giving some fresh information about Chaitanya Deva’s life.
• Trilochan Das (born in A.D. 1523 at Kowgram, a village situated thirty miles to the west of Burdwan); Authored Chaitanya Mangal
• Narahari Chakravarti: authored Bhaktiratnakar, a voluminous biography of Chaitanya Deva.
• Kasiram Das: Translated Mahabharata into Bengali.
• Kavikankan Chandi: Written by Mukundaram Chakravarti in Bengali. It enjoys to this day as much popularity in Bengal as the famous book of Tulsidas in upper India. It depicts a graphic picture of the social and economic conditions of the people of Bengal of his time, and it is for his that Prof. Crowell has described him as “the Crabbe of Bengal”.
• Muhmmad Husain of Kashmir was the most distinguished penman of Akbar’s court. He got the title of Zarringalam (gold-pen).
• Sundar Sringar: By Sundar. Satsai: By Bihari Lal. Both were written in Shah Jahan’s time.
• Zia Nakhabi (died in A.D. 1350): He was the first to translate into Persian Sanskrit stories. He translated Kok Shastra into Persian.

• Qutb Minar: completed in A.D. 1231 by malik Shams-ud-din Iltutmish; named after Khawawa Qutb-ud-din, held in much esteem and veneration by Iltutmish.
• Alai fort or Koshak-i-Siri: Built in 1303 by the order of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
• Mosque at Adina: Built at Pandua by Sikandar Shah, ruler of Bengal, in 1368. Comprises of 400 domes.
• Kali Masjid and Lal Gumbad: Built by Firuz Tughluq.
• Moth Ki Masjid: Erected by the prime minister of Sikandar Lodi.
• Lodis used enamelled tiles: made double dome structures.
• Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah, the ruler of Bengal (1519-1532), caused the “Bara Sona Masjid” and Qadam Rasul (meaning, “Foot of the prophet”) (in 1530) to be constructed at Gaur.
• After an indecisive fight between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kambha of Mewar, both sides claimed victory, and while the Rana built the “Tower of Victory” at Chittor, the Sultan of Malwa crected a seven-storeyed column at Mandu.
• Hazara temple: Built during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya, the Vijayangar ruler. Vitthalaswami temple: It is a fine example of Vijayanagar style.
• Temple of Jagannath at Puri: Built during the reign of Anantavarman Choda Ganga (c. 1076-1148) of Orissa.
• Temple of Sun-God at Konarka in the Puri district: Built by I (1238-64).
• Two principal monuments of ‘Aaaud-din Khalji’s reign are: The Jama at Khana Masjid at the Dargah of Nizam-ud-din Auliya and the Alai Darwaza at Qutb Minar. These show the growing preponderance of Muslim ideas over those of Hindu architects.
• Jaunpur style of architecture: Massive slopping walls, square pilars, smaller galleries and cloistersare clearly Hindu features; and the mosques of Jaunpur have no minarets of the usual type.
• Atala Devi masjid: Founded in 1377, but completed in 1408. It is an example of Jaunpur style.
• Chhota sona Masjid: Built by Wali Muhammed during the reign of Husain Shah Between 1493-1519.
• Buildings built in the city of Mandu: Jama ‘Masjid, Hindola Mahal, Jahaj Mahal, Hushang’s tomb, Baz Bahadur’s and Rupamati’s palaces.
• Chand Minar was built at Daulatabad (in 1435) in the time of Ahmad Shah Bahmani (1422-1435).
• College of Mahmud Gawan at Bidar was built in 1472.
• 1639: Ali Mardan Khan, under Shah Jahan, built or repaired, the Ravi canal.
• Ustad Isa: May be master-architect under whose guidance Taj Mahal was designed and completed. Others : Ahmad Laheri, Verenio
• Shah Jahan repaired the collegte named Dar-ul-Baqa (abode of Eternity).
• Babur’s buildings: One building a commemorative mosque at Kabuli Bagh at Panipat (1526) and the other, the Jami Masjid, is at Sambhal in Roliikhand (A.D. 1526).
• A mosque at Fatehabad in Punjab is of the time of Humayun.
• Akbar’s buildings: Palace, and Jahangiri Mahal.
• Babur laid a garden at Agra, called Nur-i-Afsan.
• Shalmimar bagh (at Srinagar in Kashmir) was laid by Jahangir.
• Nishat Bagh (at Srinagar) was laid by Asaf Khan, brother of Nur Jahan.
• Qila-i-Kunha Masjid: Built by Sher Shah Sur; in 1545.
• Fatehpur Sikri: Remained as imperial capital from 1569 to 1584. Built by Akbar.
• The Jama ‘Masjid at Agra is otherwise known as Masjid-i-Jahan Nama.
• The copies of the Mughal paintings Khandan-i-timuria and Padshahnamah are preserved in the Khudabakhsh Library of Patna.
• Mir Sayyid Ali, a pupil of the famous Bihzad of Herat, who has been styled “the Raphael of the East”, and Khwaja Abdus Samad were persuaded by Humayun to come to his court at Kabul in A.D. 1550. Humayun and Akbar engaged then in the task of preparing the illustrations to the Dastan-i-Amir Hamza between 1550 and 1560.
• Other foreign artists in Akbar’s court were: Farrukh Beg, Khusrau Quli and Jamshed.
• Of the seventeen leading artists of Akbar’s reign, no less than thirteen were Hindus. Chief among them were Basawan, Lal, Kesu, Mukund, Haribans, and Dasawanth.
• The famous Muslim artists in the court of Jahangir were: Aga Raza and his son Abul Hasan, of Herat; Muhammad Nadir and Muhammad Murad of Samarqand, who were among the last foreign artists to come to India; and Ustad Mansur.
• The Hindu painters of Jahangir’ sereign were: Bishan Das, Manohar and Govardhan.

Musicians at Shah Janan’s court were: Jagannath and Janardan Bhatta.