Manufacturing Industry transforms different raw materials into a wide range of raw products. The first type of industry was iron, cotton or wool. In the developed countries more people are employed in more sophisticated electrical and other metal industries. Most countries begin to industrialize on the basis of food or other raw materials processing industries and textiles. Then they graduate to metal and engineering industries and locomotives.

Classification of Industries

Primary Industry: It is the simplest form of industry which consists of the first processing of raw materials and then to produce industrial raw materials. Such industries include the smelting of bauxite to make aluminum.

Secondary Industry: Basically they include all reprocessing of partially manufactured goods to make more complex products, e.g. the use of cloth in clothing and the use of paper to make books. They are called heavy industries e.g. engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals, ship building, locomotives and light industries.

Tertiary Industry: It consists of service industries such as trade, transportation, commerce, entertainment, personal services, tourism, and administration and so on.

Quaternary  industry: This group is involved in the research of science and technology and other high level tasks. They include scientists, doctors, and lawyers.

Quinary Sector: Some consider these to be a branch of the quaternary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media. These are of consultancy nature.

Important industries

Basic Industries: There are some industries which produce raw materials for other industries and iron and Steel industry. Its products are used in manufacturing machines, which in turn, are used to produce other types of products. The major producers of steel are CIS, U.S.A., Japan and China.

Consumer goods Industries: Produce goods for final consumption e.g. edible oil, tea, coffee, bread biscuits, radio, television, etc.

Metallic Industries: The modern Industries owe their development to metallic industries. It includes nonferrous and ferrous industries copper, aluminum etc. are called non ferrous industries which do not have Iron content. Industries based on metals having Iron content are known as ferrous industries. For example Iron and Steel industry, machine and tools, motor cars, railway, engines, agricultural tools industries etc.

Major Industries

a.         The ship building Industry: It is ideally situated in areas noted for the Iron and Steel Industry. Japan leads in the ship building Industry.

b.         The automobile Industry: The best locations in established industrial regions with a tradition of manufacturing component. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler of the U.S.A., British Leyland in U.K., Volkswagen and Mercedes in Germany, Fiat of Italy, Datsun, Toyota and Mazda of Japan are the major producers. U.S.A., Japan, Germany, France and other European countries are the major car producers in the World.

c.         Railway equipment and airplanes: It is located either in the heavy engineering districts close to the steel rolling mills or at local points of the national railway system. The United States is the world’s largest locomotive producer. The Industry is centered at Detroit, Chicago, New York etc. and is highly capital-intensive.

            The U.S.A. produces the largest number of planes of which two-thirds are destined for export around the world. Seattle on the eastern front is the hub.

d.         Chemical Industries: Chemicals are used widely such as in agriculture, metallic industry, textiles, leather, paper, glass, ceramics, soap and food processing industries. Chemical Industry is responsible for the development of modern industry. Petrochemical industry based on petroleum as raw material, chemical fertilizers, paints and varnishes, plastics and some of the medicines are the products of petrochemical industry. The main petrochemicals manufacturing countries are the U.S.A. Spain, Britain and CIS.

e.         Textile Industry: Modern, mechanized textile manufacturing was first developed in Britain. Textile manufacture using wool, cotton, silk or linen according to the climatic zone was practiced all over the world. Textile industries are located mainly in relation to power and labor supplies. Cheap labor supplies were an important factor in the establishment of textiles industries in Southern U.S.A. and in Japan.

f.          Agro-based industries: Some of the industries utilize the agricultural products as raw materials, for example, Jute, tea, sugar, cotton and vegetable oil industries. Food processing industries of modern day are also agro based industries.

g.         Forest based industry: Paper and pulp industry, rayon, turpentine oil and furniture industry are based on the raw materials obtained from the forests are known as forest industries.

Industrial Regions

Zones of high concentration of industries are called industrial regions. Favourable factors bring industries in selected areas. The major factors[1] determining the localization of industries are:

 (1)      Raw materials (food processing, forest and mineral industries, secondary Industries).

(2)       Fuel and power

(3)       Human resources (Technology Invention, Managerial skill, Labor supply)

(4)       Transport

(5)       Markets,

(6)       Capital

(7)       Government policies

(8)       Industrial inertia

(9)       Availability of sites

(10)     Climate

(11)     Water supply.

Problems of industrial regions

§  Photochemical fog- smog

§  Land of compromises, competition for space, high economic rents and congestion

§  Distortion in land  use

§  Outward growth

§  Exploitation of human values

§  Tinsel town and pathological conditions prevail all around

MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD

Moscow-Tula region of Russia: an industrial city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia; it is located 193 kilometers south of Moscow, on the Upa River. The region is rich in iron ore, clay, limestone, and deposits of lignite (coal). It is a prominent industrial center with metalworking, engineering, coalmining, and chemical industries.

Magnitogorsk: is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River. It was named for the Magnitnaya Mountain that was almost pure iron, a geological anomaly.  Huge reserves of iron ore in the area made it a prime location to build a steel plant. The city played an important role during World War II because it supplied much of the steel for the Soviet war machine and its strategic location near the Ural Mountains meant Magnitogorsk was safe from seizure by the German Army.

Donbas of Ukraine (Donets Basin): is a historical, economic and cultural region of eastern Ukraine. A coal mining area since late 19th century, it has become a heavily industrialized territory suffering from urban decay and industrial pollution. The coal mines of Donbas are one of the most hazardous in the world due to enormous working depths (down from 300 to 1200 m) as a result of natural depletion, as well as due to high levels of methane explosion, coal dust explosion and rock burst dangers.

Kuzbass region: located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains. It is one of Russia's most important industrial regions, with some of the world's largest deposits of coal. The south of the region is dominated by metallurgy and the mining industry, as well as mechanical engineering and chemical production.

Great lakes region: The Great Lakes region of North America is a bi-national, Canadian-American region that includes the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, NewYork, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as well as the Canadian province of Ontario. Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region. The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization.

Appalachian region:  is a 205,000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi. The Region's economy, once highly dependent on mining, forestry, agriculture, chemical industries, and heavy industry, has become more diversified in recent times, and now includes a variety of manufacturing and service industries. Coal mining is the industry most frequently associated with Appalachia due in part to the fact that the region once produced two-thirds of the nation's coal.

New England:  is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, Newhampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It historically has been an important center of industrial manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products such as granite, lobster, and codfish. Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized machines and weaponry. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. 

Yokohama region of Japan: Yokohama is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo. It is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area. The city has a strong economic base, especially in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries.

Manchurian region of China: is a great industrial hub, with huge coal mines, iron- and steelworks, aluminum-reduction plants, paper mills, and factories making heavy machinery, tractors, locomotives, aircraft, and chemicals. The chief commercial port is Dalian. The great Manchurian plain crossed by the Liao and Songhua rivers, is the only extensively level area. Fertile and densely populated, it has been a major manufacturing and agricultural center of China.

Sao Paulo region: is the largest city in Brazil & is considered the "financial capital of Brazil", as it is the location for the headquarters of many major corporations and the country's most renowned banks and financial institutions. Once a city with a strong industrial character, Sao Paulo's economy has become increasingly based on the tertiary sector, focusing on services and businesses for the country.

Lorraine region of France: is situated in the north east corner of France bordering Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg. This region of France is mostly rich farming country through which the rivers Meuse and Moselle flow, rising onto the forested slopes of the Vosges. The region is known for its iron and steel industry and crystal works.

Ruhr and Silesia of Germany: Ruhr valley is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is Germany's most densely populated region & is known for coal mining and steel industries.

West coast region of Canada: Energy and agriculture are Western Canada’s dominant industries – and this region, with only 10 million inhabitants, is one of the world’s largest net exporters of both energy and agricultural commodities. Approximate breakdown: Oil (13% of world reserves; 4% of world production) Uranium (8% of world reserves; 20% of world production), Potash (60% of world reserves; 30% of world production), Wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds (21% of the world export market for wheat; 10% for oilseeds)