Explanation:

- First off, let’s tackle the quote: “Law is rule which men possess not by virtue of any higher principle whatever good, interest, or happiness but by virtue and perforce of facts, because they live in society and can live in Society.”

- This is basically saying: Law isn’t built on what’s good or just, but simply because we live together and need rules to actually function as a group.

- Now let’s break down the thinkers:

- Ihering (Option 1): Famous for his practical approach, he said law’s purpose is social control and the protection of societal interests—not abstract morals.

- Ehrlich (Option 2): Saw law as the facts of social life, not just what’s in the books, but what actually happens day-to-day in society.

- Roscoe Pound (Option 3): Big on “law as a tool for social engineering,” believing law should serve people’s needs and change along with society.

- Duguit (Option 4): Denis Duguit viewed law as a social fact. He argued law arises because people live together and require order—not because of some higher principle or moral code.

- Here’s the thing: The quote pulls straight from Duguit. He’s the one who insisted that law is a fact of social living, not a search for ultimate good or happiness.

So the correct answer gets a :

Option:4, Duguit.