Explanation:

- Oswald Spengler: Known for his work "The Decline of the West," Spengler often took a critical view of societal progress. His interpretation of urban dominance can be viewed as leaning towards the pessimistic.

- Lewis Mumford: A prominent historian and philosopher, Mumford explored urban development and its impacts on society. His approach was nuanced, often highlighting both the positive and negative aspects of urbanization.

- Option 1 - Optimistic: This would imply a hopeful or positive outlook on urban dominance, which does not align well with Spengler's views.

- Option 2 - Positive: Similar to optimistic but more direct; not fitting Spengler's perspective.

- Option 3 - Negative: This indicates a critical outlook but lacks the depth of despair suggested by pessimistic.

- Option 4 - Pessimistic: This aligns with Spengler's view that urban dominance represents cultural decline and decay.