Explanation:

- Option 1: Marx

- Karl Marx analyzed capitalism extensively. He focused on class struggle and the modes of production.

- He may not have directly labeled the Indian state as 'capitalistic' in its essence but laid the groundwork for such analyses.

- Option 2: Weber

- Max Weber discussed the spirit of capitalism in relation to cultural and religious contexts.

- He might offer insights into capitalism's influence on economies but not directly on the Indian state.

- Option 3: Y. Singh

- Yogendra Singh examined Indian society, focusing on its social stratification and modernization.

- His works provide a broader sociological perspective rather than an economic label.

- Option 4: A.R. Desai

- A.R. Desai is known for his Marxist approach to understanding Indian society as having strong capitalist elements in its development post-independence.