Explanation:

- Option 1: Marx

- Karl Marx focused on the material and economic aspects of society.

- He emphasized class struggle and economic systems.

- Marx’s concepts do not focus on orientation towards others to define social action.

- Option 2: Weber

- Max Weber introduced the concept of "social action."

- He emphasized that actions become social when they take into account the behavior of others.

- Weber distinguished between different types of social actions based on motivations.

- Option 3: Durkheim

- Émile Durkheim focused on social facts and the collective conscience.

- He was more concerned with societal integration and collective phenomena.

- Durkheim’s work centered on social structures rather than individual intention.

- Option 4: Parsons

- Talcott Parsons was known for his work on structural functionalism.

- He concentrated on social systems and their functioning.

- Parsons did not primarily focus on the orientation of individual actions towards others.