Explanation:

- Émile Durkheim's Theory of Religion: Focuses on the social functions of religion, emphasizing its role in maintaining social cohesion and collective consciousness.

- Option 1: Marx: Viewed religion as the "opium of the people," a tool used by the ruling classes to impose false consciousness on the proletariat.

- Option 2: Spencer: Focused on social evolution and the survival of the fittest but didn't specifically oppose Durkheim's views on religion.

- Option 3: Weber: Explored the role of religion in shaping economic behavior, particularly in "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism." His work was more complementary than directly opposing Durkheim's sociology of religion.

- Option 4: Parsons: Built upon Durkheim's and other theorists' ideas, incorporating them into his social system theory.

Correct Answer: Option 1 - Marx

.