Explanation:

- Forces of production: These include the means and materials needed for production, such as technology and labor. They are core to Marx’s understanding of how societies develop and change.

- Relations of production: These involve the social relationships people enter into as they produce material goods. It's about who owns what and how wealth is distributed.

- Alienation: This is a concept describing the estrangement of people from aspects of their human nature due to living in a society structured by capitalism.

- Option 1: 1 only: Includes only the forces of production.

- Option 2: 1, 2: Covers forces and relations of production.

- Option 3: 1, 3: Includes forces of production and alienation.

- Option 4: All of the above: Incorporates forces of production, relations of production, and alienation.

Option:4- All of the above includes all the given concepts used by Karl Marx to understand societies.