Explanation:

- Option 1: Durkheim

- Emile Durkheim focused on how societal structures and collective consciousness shape social institutions.

- He explored the role of religion in maintaining societal cohesion and moral norms.

- Option 2: Weber

- Max Weber analyzed how religious beliefs, particularly Protestant ethics, influenced economic development and capitalism.

- His work discusses how attitudes and ethics derived from religion can motivate economic behavior.

- Option 3: Parsons

- Talcott Parsons extended Weber's ideas, focusing on the role of norms and values in social systems.

- He did not focus specifically on religion’s role in economic motivation.

- Option 4: Merton

- Robert K. Merton is known for theories like the "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role models."

- His work does not centralize on religion's influence on economic systems.