Explanation:

- Biological Reductionism: This is the idea that all social and cultural phenomena are solely determined by biological and genetic factors. It reduces complex human behavior to biological causes, ignoring social and environmental influences.

- Creationism: This is the belief that life and the universe were created by a divine being, as opposed to theories of biological evolution. It often contrasts with scientific explanations for the origin of species.

- Ethnocentrism: This is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own cultural norms to judge others. It can lead to misunderstanding and prejudice between different cultures.

- Social Darwinism: This theory applies the concept of "survival of the fittest" from natural selection to societies. It suggests that social evolution occurs naturally without the need for intentional human intervention or efforts for improvement.