Explanation:

- Norms refer to the established standards of behavior in a society.

- Option 1: Sanctions

- Sanctions are punishments or consequences for not adhering to norms.

- They enforce compliance through fear of negative repercussions.

- Option 2: Social rankings

- Hierarchies or statuses that influence behavior indirectly.

- They do not directly enforce norms.

- Option 3: Taboos

- Prohibitions against specific actions.

- More about avoidance than enforcement.

- Option 4: Values

- Deeply held beliefs that guide behavior.

- They inform norms but are not enforcing mechanisms.