formulated the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft ........

Sociology Preliminary Society, community, association and instiution, social groups

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_____ formulated the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Ferdinand Toennies

Emile Durkheim

Karl Marx

Auguste Comte

Explanation:

- Ferdinand Toennies (Option 1): Formulated the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft refers to community-oriented, personal social ties, while Gesellschaft signifies society-oriented, impersonal social relationships.

- Emile Durkheim (Option 2): Noted for work on social integration and collective consciousness, but not associated with Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

- Karl Marx (Option 3): Known for theories on capitalism and class struggle, unrelated to Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

- Auguste Comte (Option 4): Founder of positivism, not linked with these specific social concepts.