An is an esteemed social group in which an individual identifies or belongs and feels loyalty to whe...........

Sociology Preliminary Society, community, association and instiution, social groups

An _______ is an esteemed social group in which an individual identifies or belongs and feels loyalty to, whereas an _______ is any group with which an individual does not identify or belong.

Primary groups, Secondary groups

Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft

ingroup, outgroup

Reference groups, avoidance groups

Explanation:

- The correct answer is: option:3 - ingroup, outgroup.

- Ingroup: This is a group someone identifies with and feels a sense of loyalty toward.

- Outgroup: Refers to a group someone does not identify with or feels separate from.

- Option 1 (Primary groups vs. Secondary groups): Primary groups are close, emotionally connected groups (like family). Secondary groups are larger and more impersonal, such as coworkers.

- Option 2 (Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft): Gemeinschaft refers to community-type, close-knit groups; Gesellschaft refers to more formal, impersonal associations.

- Option 4 (Reference groups vs. avoidance groups): Reference groups are groups people use as standards for evaluating themselves, while avoidance groups are those people do not wish to join or associate with.

- Only option 3 fits the blanks given in your question.