Explanation:

Sure, let’s break it down:

- Vogel and Bell are the ones who argued that unresolved conflicts between parents get projected onto the child. That kid often becomes the “emotional scapegoat”—basically, parents dump their tensions onto them.

- David Cooper is known for his work on psychiatry and anti-psychiatry but isn’t the one who made this scapegoating argument.

- R. D. Laing focused more on the experience of madness and family dynamics, but not precisely in the way the question describes.

- Edmund Leach did anthropological work on family and kinship but didn’t coin this scapegoating theory.

So yeah, the right answer is option 4—Vogel and Bell. .