Explanation:

- Option 1: Merton

- Robert K. Merton was known for his work on the sociology of science and his development of the concept of "self-fulfilling prophecy."

- He did not write "Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance."

- Option 2: John Bowlby

- John Bowlby was a psychologist famous for his work in attachment theory.

- He was not involved in writing about the sociology of deviance.

- Option 3: Shaw

- Clifford R. Shaw was known for his work on juvenile delinquency and the Chicago School of Sociology.

- He did not author "Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance."

- Option 4: Becker

- Howard S. Becker wrote "Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance."

- The book is a cornerstone in the field of sociology and discusses how societal reaction can label certain behaviors as deviant.