The term lsquo secondary deviation rsquo refers to ........

Sociology Preliminary Social processes

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The term ‘secondary deviation’ refers to:

the punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts

the labelling of an act as deviant through social reactions to it

the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects future action

all of the above

Explanation:

- Option 1: This refers to how society punishes or stigmatizes people for deviant acts. However, this describes more the reaction to primary deviation, not secondary deviation specifically.

- Option 2: Labelling an act as deviant and society's reaction is a core part of the secondary deviation process. This aligns closely with Howard Becker's labelling theory.

- Option 3: This one is crucial. Secondary deviation occurs when the person accepts a deviant label and it affects their actions, identity, and relationships in the future.

- Option 4: This is not fully correct; only option 2 and 3 directly define secondary deviation. Option 1 is related but not the definition.