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The hard parts of an animal body present inside or outside the body collectively form the skeletal systems or Skeleton.
Skeleton present on the outer surface of the body is called Exoskeleton. Its generally formed of non living elements generally formed of non living elements.Eg. Calcareous shell in Molluscs
Hard parts present beneath the skin of an animal body collectively form endoskeleton. In vertebrates, its formed of bones & cartilages.
1. It provides mechanical protection to internal delicate organs like brain (skull), heart, lungs (ribs) etc.
2. Forms supporting framework of body, giving shape & form to the body.
3. Allows various types of movements of body parts.
4. Bone marrow inside marrow cavity of long bones acts as haemopoitic tissue and forms erythrocytes (RBCs) & granular Haemopoisis.
5. Ribs & Sternum play role in breathing movements of chest.
6. Bones act as reservoir of minerals like Calcium, phosphorus & Magnesium salts.
7. Cartilages of Larynx help in sound production.
Human skeleton is formed of bones and some cartilages. It is formed of 206 bones in adult man. (No of bones in a newly born baby in 306).
It is divided into two main parts. Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton.
Additional information on bones
Skull: It’s the heaviest part of body & consists of four positions:
Cranium (Brain Box) is a large & hollow part of skull which encloses & protects the brain in its cranial caviety. Its formed of 8 bones.Cranium protects brain & sense capsules.
Facial Region forms the front & lower part of skill and is formed of 14 bones.
Vertebral Column or Spinal Column has four curves: Cervical and Lumbar curves directed forward, while the sacral & thoracic curves are directed backwards. These curves esp. the lumbar curve, help in erect posture of body and bipedal locomotion of man.
Sacrum is a large and triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and lies between pelvic girdles.
Sacrum is shorter and wider in female, an adaptation for child birth.
Coccyx is a small, triangular bone formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae.
Ribs are 12 pairs of semicircular bones present in the thorax. Each rib is formed of posterior bony vertebeal part and anterior cartilaginous sternal part.
Sternum (Breast Bone) is a flat, elongated, dagger shaped bone. Its body has facets for attachment of stermal parts of 3rd to 7th pair of ribs.
Appedicular Skeleton is formed of 126 bones and includes 2 types of girdles and limb-bones.
Girdles are of 2 types: Pectoral & Pelvic girdles.
Limb Bones are 2 pairs of limbs a pair of Forelimbs and a pair of Hindlimbs.
Humerous is the bone of upper arm. Its head articulates into glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle by a ball & socket joint.
Hand (Manus) is formed of 3 parts : Wrist, Palm and fingers.
Phallangeal formula of feet of man is 2, 3, 3, 3, 3. Thumb (great toe) of feat is called Hallux.
Femur (Thigh Bone) is the longest bone of human body. Its head is rounded and articulates into acetabulum of pelvic girdle by a freely movable Ball & Socket Joint.
A joint is a meeting place of 2 bones. The joints can be classified into 3 main types.
Arthritis (Aching Joints) :Arthritis refers to inflammation of joints and is a common disease of old age. It is characterized by pain & stiffness in the joints. There is no cure & only analgesics (pain killers) can be used.
On the basis of causative agents, there are 3 types:
(a) Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Arthritis): It is characterized by degenerative changes in cartilages present at the joints, stopping the secretion of synovial fluid and the cartilages at the ned of the bones are replaced by bony spur. Finally, the bones fuse and the joints become totally immobile called ANKYLORIS. It is also called Wear & Tear Disease.
(b) Rheumatoid Arthritis : It involves painful inflammation of the synovial membranes of the joints. Movements become extremely painful & may lead to deformities of joints.
(c) Gout: It is characterized by accumulation of uric acid crystals in the synovial joints.
Osteoporosis: It is most common of all bone disease in adults, exp. in old age. It is characters by decrease in density of bones due to loss of calcium & phosphorus from the bones due to decreased osteoblastic activity in bone leading to depressed rate of bone esteoid deposition in the bone. (except in Hyperthyroidism where the cause of decrease of osteoid matrix of bone is increase in the activity of osteoclasts).
Synovitis: An inflammation leading to sevelling at the joint.
Osteitis: Inflammation of bones.
Spondylitis: Inflammation of one/more vertebral.
Slipped Disc/Prolapsed Disc: Displacement of vertebral and Inter Vertebral cartilage pads from their normal position.
Rickets: Curved bones causing bowlegs in children due to deficiency of Vit. D in died & Calcium in bones.
There are many glands in the body system which release secretions through ducts associated with the glands, These are exorine glands (or duct glands), eg. Salivary and sweat glands; other glands in the body release substances (hormones directly into the blood circulation, these are endocrine glands or (ductless glands).
Chemically there are three kinds of hormones. These are:
(1) Protein hormones: Are those produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and one of the hormones of ovary (relaxin and one of the placenta (human chrionic gonadotropin).
(2) Steroid hormones: Are produced by the adrenal, cortex ovaries and testes.
(3) Biogenic amines: Are produced by the pineal gland and the adrenal medulla.
Name of Disease
Endocrine Gland
Effects and symptoms
1.
Conn’s Syndrone
Adrenal cortex
Mineral disorders occur
2.
Cushing’s syndrome
Moon fate, weakness, obesity, buffalo hump-accumulation of fat at the lower part of neck.
3.
Diabetes insipidus
Posterior to be of pituitary
Polyurea-amount of urine excretion increases urine becomes diluted, polydypsia excessive thirst also develops
4.
Diabetes mellitus
islets of Langehans
Hyperglycemia -blood
(Pancreas)
sugarlevel increaes, sugar is
released in urine polydypsia-increased
thrist. Polyphagia-increased appetite
5.
Goitre
Thyroid
Basal matabolic rate low. Gland enlarges. Throat swells out like a collar.
6.
Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid
Calcium level in blood increases, nerves and muscles become weak. Osteoporosis-bones become spongy and weak. Kidney stones may be formed
7.
Hypocalcemia
Ca level in blood decreases. PO4 level increases, tension, heavy prespsiration
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