Animals have been extensively used to ensure the safety and efficacy of all essential / lifesaving drugs the benefits of which all of us are deriving for ages. ---- But these methods are not in a position to supplant animal models.

(A) The need of the hour is to improve the standards of animal housing and maintenance.

(B) Human or animal body is a whole lot different from the culture media or other in-vitro systems.

(C) Alternative methods are being increasingly employed in drug development.