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The fifth century was that of the barbarian invasion and the fall on the Western Empire. After the death of Augustine in A. D. 430, there was little philosophy, it was A century of destructive action. Which, however, largely determined the lines upon which Europe was to be developed. It was in this century that the Frankish invasion Gaul into France and that the Vandals invaded Spain, giving their name to Andalusia. St. Patrick, during the middle years of the century, converted the Irish to Christianity. Throughout the Western world, rough Germanic kingdoms succeeded the centralized authority was preserved only in the church and that too with much difficulty.
Of the Germanic tribes that invaded the Empire in the fifth century, the most important were the Goths. They were pushed westwards by the Huns, who attacked them from the East. At first, they tried to conquer the Eastern Empire but were defeated, and then they turned towards Italy. Since ‘Diocletian, they had been employed as Roman mercenaries; this had taught them more of the art of war than barbarians would otherwise have known. Alaric, king of the Goths, plundered Rome in 410 but died the same year. Odovaker king of the Ostrogoths put an end to the Western Empire in 476 and reigned until 493, when he was treacherously murdered by another Ostrogoth, Theodoric who was king of Italy until 526. Of him, I shall have more to say shortly. He was important both in history and legend” in the Nibelungenlied he appears as ‘Dietrich von Bern’ (‘Bern being Verona).
Meanwhile, the Vandals established themselves in Africa, the Visigoths in the south of France, and the Franks in the north. In the middle of the Germanic invasion came the inroads of und under Attila. This Huns were of Mongol race, and yet they were often allied with the Goths. At the crucial moment, however, when they invaded Gaul in 451 they had quarrelled with the Goths; the Goths and Romans together defeated them in that year at Chalons. Attila then turned against Italy and thought of marching on Rome, but Pope Leo dissuaded him, [pointing out that Alaric had died plundering Rome, His forbearance, however, did him no service for he died in the following year. After his death, the power of the Huns collapsed.
During this period of confusion, the Church was troubled by A complicated controversy on the incarnation. The protagonists in the debates were two ecclesiastics. Cyril and Nestorius, of whom, more or less by accident, the former was proclaimed A saint and the latter A heretic. St. Cyril was the patriarch of Alexandria from about 412 till his death in 444; Nestorius was the patriarch of Constantinople. The question at issue was the relation of Christ’s divinity to His humanity. Were there two persons, one human and one divine? This was the view held by Nestorius. If not, was three only one nature, or were there two natures in one person A human nature and A divine nature? These questions roused in the fifth century, an almost incredible degree of passion and fury. A secret and incurable discord was cherished between those who were most apprehensive of confounding and those who were fearful of separating, the divinity and the humanity of Christ.