Read the passage below and asnswer the following questions

The important thing we must consider is the quality and texture of literacy. India was only five per cent literate at the turn of the 20th century, and in the last 20 years the direction of urban middle class literacy is towards English. Increasingly, families speak English even at home and most middle class Indians do not read in their mother tongue. We are not referring here to the ability to read, which they have picked up at school. They can speak in the mother tongue, if it is peppered with the English words which have become indispensable. We mean regular reading of literature or entertainment in the mother tongue. A very powerful battle was fought and won by Anglophiles like K.M. Munshi and Nehru against cultural icons like Tagore and Gandhi, who wanted mother tongues to be the medium of education. The arguments on both sides were sound, but the pragmatists won on the evidence of modernity. This has produced a unique community. There is no parallel to India of a nation whose middle class is trained to think and approach life in a foreign language, one they have not mastered. India’s elite occupy a minimal space; it is emotionally Hindi and intellectually English. One reason India produces so little literature is that India’s middle class does not own any language properly. The knowledge - of English has come to them through stock phrases because the quality of teaching is poor. And on the mother-tongue side, as Tagore and Gandhi feared, the loss of language has resulted in the erosion of India’s high culture, its classical inheritance.