What can be decided about the nu merical weather production models from the passage 1 ...........

English ( Master) Reading Comprehension (C)

While Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models are reasonably successful for large-scale medium-range weather forecast-ing, prediction of precipitation remains a challenge. Mesoscale models, forced by the initial and boundary conditions from the global model forecasts, are widely used to obtain regional forecasts at high spatial and temporal resolution. They account for the influence of detailed topography, land cover, vegetation which are either missing or smoothed in global models. Several operational forecasting centres apply mesoscale models for detailed weather fore-casts over small geographical regions.
Mesoscale processes are influenced by surface homogeneities in elevation, moisture, temperature, snow cover vegetation, and surface roughness. Mesoscale weather systems can be divided into two general catagories: those forced primarily by instabilities in travelling systems (e.g.., squall lines or mesoscale convective complexes) and those forced by surface in homogeneities (e.g., mountain/valley circulations). Piolko (1984) noted that terrain-induced: mesoscale systems are easier to predict because they are forced by geographically fixed features. Paegle suggested: that terrain forced circulation is inherently more predictable' than the synoplically induced flows, which are sensitive to the data used to initialize the NWP models. However, they also noted that terrain-induced flows are susceptible to inaccurate numerical treatment of physical processes such as turbulent mixing, radiative heating and soil moisture, transport, and also steep terrain. Cyclonic storms, thunderstorms, squall-line's, land/sea breezes have been widely simulated by mesoscale models but the inherent predictability of terrain-induced circulation and precipitation is debatable. Mesoscale predictability in regions of complex terrain may be enhanced due to deterministic in-teractions between synoptic-scale flows and the underlying terrain. The influence of ter-rain on water vapour transport an: precipita-tion has been the focus of numerous studies.

What can be decided about the nu-merical weather production models from the passage?

1. Their inability to predict precipita-tion has been supplanted by using mesoscale models.

2. The spatial and temporal resolution of mesoscale models is higher that the global scale models.

Which of the given statements are incorrect as per the passage?

Only 1

Only 2

Both 1 and 2

Niether1 nor 2

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Explanation:

Correct answer is (c). The correct answe rlies in the line " Mesoscale processes are influenced by surface homogeneities in elevation, moisture, temperature, snow cover vegetation, and surface roughness. Mesoscale weather systems can be divided into two general catagories: those forced primarily by instabilities in travelling systems (e.g.., squall lines or mesoscale convective complexes) and those forced by surface in homogeneities (e.g., mountain/valley circulations). Piolko (1984) noted that terrain-induced: mesoscale systems are easier to predict because they are forced by geographically fixed features. Paegle suggested: that terrain forced circulation is inherently more predictable' than the synoplically induced flows, which are sensitive to the data used to initialize the NWP models. However, they also noted that terrain-induced flows are susceptible to inaccurate numerical treatment of physical processes such as turbulent mixing, radiative heating and soil moisture, transport, and also steep terrain. Cyclonic storms, thunderstorms, squall-line's, land/sea breezes have been widely simulated by mesoscale models but the inherent predictability of terrain-induced circulation and precipitation is debatable. "