In the passage the words 39 gender parity 39 refer to ........

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :
Worldwide, substantial progress has been made in the achievement of universal primary education, and girls and boys around the world participate equally in primary education in most regions. While the progress in achieving gender equality in secondary education is encouraging, it lags behind fase levels reported in primary education, and gender
disparities are wider and occur in more countries at the secondary than at the primary level. Among positive global trends, evidence shows that, girls - once they have access to schooling better than boys in terms of academic achievement at the primary and secondary levels and beyond. In dem tertiary education, enrolment is increasing faster for
women than for men.

barn However, gender disparities persist in the fields of study chosen by women and men. Women continue to be underrepresented among graduates in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM studies), constituting slightly more than a third (35%) of the world's STEM graduates. Women are also a minority in scientific research and development, making up less than a third (30%) of the world's researchers. Moreover, women scientists and researchers are more likely to find work in academia or in the public sector while men are more likely to work in the private sector, which offers higher salaries and wider opportunities.

Global literacy rates for both adults and youth have risen steadily over the past two decades and gender disparities have also narrowed, both for adult and youth populations. However, the gender gap in literacy among adult women and men remains significant; worldwide, on average, 90% of men are literate compared to about 80% of women, with
wider gender gaps reported in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Asia and Western Asia.
ICT skills are indispensable tools in an increasingly digital world and are essential in building a professional career in countries worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ICT has been the main botan media allowing people to maintain their personal connections as well as to carry on their day-to-day business operations. Women are disadvantaged in
129TH this regard, with lower levels of access to the Internet (48% compared to 58% for men at the global level in 2019), and fewer ICT skills than men, particularly in developing regions, making the digital divide a very visible gender divide. 

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