Praja Mandal movements in Rajasthan :

Praja Mandal movement in Rajasthan was the result of the political awakening and independence struggle under the leadership of Gandhiji in the country. Its background was the agitation movement of the Rajasthan states. The agrarian movement was part of that widespread dissatisfaction, which existed in the prevailing political and economic framework. Through different movements, the farmers played an important role in explaining the atrocities of landlords and jagirdars and the idea of ??agriculture. The hereditary system was taken away from the ancestral form and took an active form. Disinterest in the prevailing system was widespread. Therefore, after 1920 AD, institutions related to political rights and social reforms were established. These institutions discussed more about the status of deprived of fundamental rights. The development of the people's movement in various states of Rajasthan is briefly following :

Mewar :

The farmers and the movement did not have any direct connection with the freedom struggle, yet they became the mainstay of public awareness. These movements kept such a solid foundation, on which the movement of the government could stand. In the initial period, the National Congress remained indifferent to the princely states. But there was a change in the Congress policy in Haripura session. The Riyasati also allowed the public to create an organization in their respective states and to move for their rights. In the same year (1938 AD) organized political movement started in Mewar. This was the father of this new public awakening, Mr. Manikyalal Verma, Assistant of Pathik Ji in Bijolia Movement. On April 25, 1938, Vermaji approved the Legislative Assembly by convening a meeting of workers in Udaipur. Balwant Singh Mehta, Bhure Lal and Manikyalal Verma were nominated for the post of Chairman, Vice President and the post of Chief Minister respectively. At this time the kingdom of Maharana Bhopal Singh was in Mewar. With the establishment of the society, it was declared illegal and disciplinary proceedings were started against the movement's campaigners. Verma was also expelled from the state. Then, Verma established the office of the Mewar in Ajmer and demanded to ban the ban on the people in Mewar.

On September 28, 1938, when the expulsion of Premnarayan Mathur from Mewar, the people satyagraha in Udaipur. State government arrested activists and freed them from Mewar. On February 2, 1939, Maniklal Verma was arrested by arresting him in the border of Mewar and tortured him. Gandhiji condemned it in his letter Harijan. Verma was held hostage in Kumbhalgarh fort, but Verma was released on relief work by establishing a famine service committee by the people and Satyagrah was postponed.

Under the leadership of Vermaji, the delegation of a representative of the government met the Prime Minister of Mewar Sir T. Vijay Raghavacharya and on 22 February 1941 the ban on the people was removed. The branches of the people were established in the state and under the chairmanship of Vermaji, the first resolution of the people was done in Udaipur , where Acharya Kripalani and Smt. Vijayalakshmi Pandit also came. In the convention, the demand for a legislative assembly with the establishment of responsible governance in Mewar and the representatives of the public was made.

In World War II, the British joined India as a war. Gandhiji gave a new slogan for the British India - British India and the Raja people for the Indian states, leave the British side with a slogan at the Congress Maha Samithi session in Bombay on August 8, 1942. Manikyalal Verma Mewar joined as a representative of the people. On August 20, 1942, Vermaji gave an ultimatum to Maharana to break the relations with the British, but after his arrest, the statewide Satyagrah started. In 1944, all activists were released from jail, but the political standoff remained.

On December 31, 1945, the session of All India State Council of State Legislative Council was held under the chairmanship of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in Udaipur. The Mewar government constituted the Legislative Producer Committee and included members of the public. According to the report of the committee, two members nominated by the people in the state cabinet were Mohanlal Sukkadia and Hiralal Kothari. Maharana's new legal advisor M. Munshi prepared the new legislation of the state, which was implemented on May 23, 1947. The amendments were made in this legislation on October 11, 1946. On March 7, 1948 Maharana accepted the demand of the people as a principle. New Prime Minister Sir Ramamurthy contributed in this. The people for the Prime Minister's post were Prof. Pramanarayan Mathur was nominated, which was accepted. On April 11, Maharana accepted the merger of Mewar in Rajasthan Union. On April 18, 1948, Pt. Nehru inaugurated newly constructed Joint Rajasthan in Udaipur. Maharana became head of state and Maniklal Verma became the Prime Minister.

Marwar (Jodhpur) :

The Marwar Hitakarini Sabha, led by Jainarayan Vyas, demanded a responsible rule in Jodhpur and published two books- the state of Marwar and the Popebai Poll, in which the state government was criticized. State Government launched Daman Chakra by arresting Jainarayan Vyas and Anandraj Surana. These leaders were released in 1931. Upon the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, these leaders formed the Jodhpur Youth League and propagated and organized Swadeshi. The Marwar Hitakarini Sabha was declared illegal by making leaders re-arrested.

Dr. M. S. According to Jain - in this environment, the people were formed in 1934. Its aim was to establish a responsible administration in the state and protect the temporal rights in the state. A.I.S.P.C. Being President, Jawaharlal Nehru came to Jodhpur in March, 1936 to get information about the political situation in the state. In his public address, he gave moral support to the people of the state and declared the struggle of the state as part of the Indian independence struggle against the British Empire. According to a resolution passed in the Haripura Congress session in 1938, now the country has started becoming a pure political organization for the establishment of responsible governments in the states.Public functionaries of Jodhpur on May 16, 1938 laid the foundation of Marwar Lok Parishad. The purpose of this institution was to establish responsible governance in the confinement of Maharaja Jodhpur.

In February, 1939, the state government lifted all restrictions on Jainarayan Vyas and allowed them to enter the state. He was made a member of the Advisory Board formed by the State Government. Public councils became popular due to the relief work during the famine this year. But fearing it, the state government again declared it illegal, and its workers were abducted and resorted to a repressive policy, whose Gandhiji also shared in Harijan. With the effort of Jasvantraj Mehta, there was an agreement between Lokparkhad and the government. In Jodhpur municipal elections, there was a majority of the public council and Vaishaji was elected president. In the election of the advisory council in September 1941, the Lok Parishad boycotted the removal of Prime Minister Donaldfield and started a movement demanding a responsible government. The government has arrested the council workers.

On 9th August 1942, when the Quit India Movement broke out, the movement in Marwar also increased. The government has arrested the agitators. Vyas ji was released from jail on May 28, 1944. After the death of Maharaja Umaid Singh in 1947, Hanuvant Singh Nawab, Bhopal and Dhaulpur together with the king wanted to join Jodhpur in Pakistan for whom Jinnah wanted to give the principality. Maharana of Mewar, after rejecting Hanuvant Singh's offer to meet in Pakistan, admitted to join the Indian Union and signedInstrument of Accession . By reaching Jodhpur, Maharaja made his own Cabinet of Ministers, which was strongly opposed by the people of Jodhpur. Eventually, under the leadership of Janarayana Vyas, the Cabinet was formed, in which there was a majority of the public council. On March 30, 1949 in Jaipur, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel inaugurated Rajasthan Union, in which Jodhpur merged.

Jaipur :

Public awareness in the state of Jaipur was started by Arjunlal Sethi. Seth Jamnalal Bajaj (who was resident of Sikar), founded Charkha Sangha in Jaipur in 1926, whose activists took active part in political movements. B. L. In the words of Pangadia, in the year 1936-37, the Jaipur state subjects were reconstituted. Hiralal Shastri was invited from Vanasthali for this work and he was made the Prime Minister of the Praja Mandal. The President of the Republic, the famous Advocate Mr. Chiranjilal Mishra was made. The first session of the Praja Mandal was held in Jaipur in 1948. Seth Jamnalal Bajaj was there in this regard. On the arrest of Bajaj on February 1, 1938, the public started the struggle, the main activist was arrested. The agreement was signed on August 7, 1939, according to which the demand for civil rights of the people was accepted and all activists were released from jail.

The Quit India Movement started on 8-9 August, 1942. Hiralal Shastri and the Prime Minister of Jaipur Mirza Ismail had an unwritten agreement, according to which the emperor did not join Jaipur in the Quit India Movement, but a section of the people, whose leaders were Baba Harishchandra, Ramamaran Joshi, Daulatram Bhandari and Hans D. Rai . Azad started the movement and became a prisoner, but the Jaipur Maharaja released him and established the Legislative Assembly and the House of Representatives. P.E.N. in JaipurConfrue took place, in which Pt Nehru also came, on whose request the Azad Front was dissolved. Devi Shankar Tiwari was included in the Cabinet on May 15, 1946 as a representative of the people. On March 27, 1947, the new Cabinet was formed, in which 4 out of 7 members belonged to the Constituent Assembly and two of the Jagirdars.

In November 1948, Jaipur Maharaja agreed to meet in Rajasthan, whose capital Jaipur and Maharaja became the chief. Shri Hiralal Shastri is the Chief Minister of the reconstituted Rajasthan.Jaipur became a part of Rajasthan on April 7, 1949.

Bikaner :

On July 12, 1942 Bikaner's Advocate Raghuvar Dayal Goyal started the political movement by establishing the state council. The objective of the Council was to establish a responsible governance in the shadow of the Maharaja. Maharaja Ganga Singh arrested Goyal in 1942 and exiled him. Goyal was arrested again after breaking the ban and entering Bikaner again he was arrested again. In December 1942, there was a flag satyagraha in Bikaner, in which the members of the Praja Parishad were punished.

After Ganga Singh, the new Maharaja Shardul Singh released political prisoners in February, 1943, but by not recognizing the Pooja Parishad, he arrested Goyal and expelled him on June 11, 1945. In June 1945, the milk buffalo farmers movement was launched, whose agitators were arrested. Raghuvar Dayal Goyal was reinstated on June 25, 1946. On June 30, there was a Conference of People's Council in Raisinghnagar. On August 31, 1946, the Maharaja appointed two committees for the formation of constitution and constituency for the sake of governance reform in the state. On March 16, 1948, the agreement was reached between the Public Council and the State Government, but after the Council rejected the agreement there was a standoff. On August 7, 1947, the Maharaja signed the merger of Bikaner in Rajasthan. On March 30, 1949, Bikaner became a part of large Rajasthan.

Alwar :

In 1938, the Alwar Prasad Mandal was established. Bholanath Master abandoned state service and worked for the public. In World War II, the state was opposed to collecting funds for war and in February 1946, Kheda Mangal Singh held a conference of the people against the oppression of landlords. Movement started and activists were held captive. The mediation of Hiralal Shastri was compromised and the prisoners were released.

There were communal riots in Alwar, for which the Prime Minister of Alwar NV Khare was responsible for being related to the Hindu Mahasabha. On February 30, 1948, when conspirators of Mahatma Gandhi's assassination were given protection in Alwar, on February 7, 1948, Maharana Tej Singh of Alwar, Prime Minister Khare was stopped by the Indian government in Delhi and the administration took control in the Indian government. This was done in Bharatpur too. On March 18, 1948, Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli and Dhaulpur were included in the formation of Fisheries Association .

Bharatpur :

In 1938, Kishanlal Joshi, Gopilal Yadav, Master Adityendra and Yugalkishore Chaturvedi established the Vishwa Mandal in Bharatpur. The political conference of East Rajasthan was held in Fatehpur Sikri and the ultimatum to the state government to give recognition to the people. Satyagraha was conducted in April, 1939, in which workers were arrested. On October 25, 1939 the agreement was reached and the name of the people was changed to the people's council. In December, 1940, a political conference was held in Bharatpur under the chairmanship of Jai Narayan Vyas. With the Quit India Movement of August, 1942, there was a movement in the state, in which the activists were arrested, but Prajaprishchad gave active support to the relief operations in the flood. Bharatpur's Dewan KPS Menon, accepting the majority assembly of elected members, released the captive leaders. In the election committee elections of 1943, members of the council were elected in the majority, whose Jugal Kishore Chaturvedi was elected leader, but in 1945, the council boycotted the representative committee. The anti-labor movement started in 1947, but all the prisoners were released before August 15th. Due to the Gandhi assassination, the Government of Bharatpur took control in February 1948 in the hands of the Indian Government. On March 18, 1948, Bharatpuramatsya union was formed and on 30th March 1949, it became part of large Rajasthan.

Dholpur :

The pioneer of public awakening in Dhaulpur was Yamuna Prasad Verma, who established the reform-oriented assembly and Arya Samaj. In 1918, Arya Samaj performed Satyagraha.Dhaulpur king Rana Uday Bhanu Singh was an influential member and reactionary of the Narendra Mandal. He incited Jodhpur King Hanumant Singh to meet him in Pakistan, but Lord Mount Beton and VP Menon failed this conspiracy. On March 28, 1948 Dholpur joined the Fisheries Association

Karauli :

Munshi Trilok Chandra Mathur established a union of state servants and local Congress in Karauli in 1938. In 1939, Mathur founded the People's Party. Kalyan Prasad Gupta was imprisoned in the August-Revolution in 1942. In 1946 the Praja Mandal was activated. Ganeshpal, ruler of Karauli, added Karauli to the Fisheries Association on March 18, 1948 and merged on May 15, 1949 in Rajasthan.

Bundi :

The influence of Bijollia and the Bengaluru Kisan Movement in Mewar in the Bundi Barrage area was affected. In 1926, under the leadership of Pt. Nannuram Sharma, there was a protest movement against the high rates of settlement, log-garden and rent. After participating in Nityanand Sagar mass movement, Raghuvir Singh, the ruler of Bundi, exiled from the state and seized his property. Nityanand was kept in Bundi Prison for 4 years because of his participation in the National Movement of 1942. Nityanand's son, Sushilbama, son and son Satishma also participated in national movements.

Bundi Lok Parishad was formed in 1944 under the chairmanship of Harimohan Mathur, whose minister was Braj Sundar Sharma. After the death of Bundi ruler Ishwar Singh, in 1945, Bahadur Singh sat on the throne, who canceled the exile of Nityanand in 1946 and declared the creation of the Legislative Council and the popular cabinet, but the council included due to the people of other classes in the cabinet Refused to be. In March, 1948, the merger of Bundi was done in the United Rajasthan.

Kota :

Kota revolutionaries Kesri Singh Barhat and his brother Jarar Singh and son Pratapsingh have been mentioned earlier. In 1934, P.Nanoram Sharma, Akkhabat Hari, Ms. Mansukhlal Mittal founded the Hartawi Republic. In 1938, the Kota State Council was formed, the first session was held in Mamgarole under the chairmanship of Nayanuram Sharma. After Nayanarama Sharma was assassinated in 1941, the leader of the public was led by an integral hari.

Integral Hari of Kota, Shambhadayal Saxena Vaini Madhava, Bagmal Banthiya and Motilal Jain were arrested in the Quit India Movement of 1942. Jana-agitation and flare up and the public hoisted the national flag on the city Kotwali. The police closed the barracks and got the public authority on the city. On the assurance of non-suppression of Kota Maharaja, the public handed over the rule to Maharaja. Release the activists of the people. After the independence of India, in 1947, Maharaj decided to make a popular Cabinet. On March 25, 1948, Kota merged with Joint Rajasthan, whose head became Maharao Bhim Singh of Kota and Gokulalal of Shahpura became the Prime Minister, but when joining Joint Rajasthan of Mewar, Maharaja Bhupal Singh became the Chief Maharaja and the Kota Narsa became the Deputy Chief and the capital Udaipur And Chief Minister Manikyalal Verma. Integral Hota of Kota was taken in the Cabinet. On March 29,In 1949, Kota was merged with other states in Rajasthan, whose capital was Jaipur.

Dungarpur :

In Dungarpur, Bhogilal Pandya formed the Praja Mandal in 1944. In April, 1946, Pandya was arrested for participating in mass movement. In other workers, Haridov Joshi and Gauri Shankar Upadhyay were expelled from the state, due to which the strike took place in the state and Pandya had fasted the prison inmates. Pandya was released and others' removal orders were canceled. Pandya was arrested for a re-movement in June, 1947, but he was released on the dissolution of the Bhils. Maharaja Lakshman Singh made a popular cabinet, in which the Speaker of the Gauri Shankar Upadhyaya and Bhukha Bhai became the minister. Later, Dungarpur merged into United Rajasthan.

Banswara :

In 1944 Banswara's ruler Chandravir Singh and Deewan were Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta. Praja Mandal was established by the efforts of Dhulaji Bhai and Bhupendra Trivedi, who demanded a responsible government. The state announced some of the reforms and made the election of the assembly, whose members won the majority by the representatives of the people. The government launched a movement to form its majority government. In the end Maharaj approved the demand for the Praja Mandal and Bhupendra Trivedi became Chief Minister on April 18, 1948. In March 1949, Maharajal signed the merger of joint Rajasthan.

Pratapgarh :

In 1931, Pratapgarh, there was a Swadesh movement, whose activists were Master Ramlal, Radha Vallabh Somani and Ratan Lal. In 1936 Amritlal Pakak established Harijan Seva Samiti in the state with the motivation of watching Thakkar. Piyak founded the Mandir in 1946. After independence of the country, there was a popular cabinet in Pratapgarh, in which the representative of the public will be the minister. In April, 1948 Pratapgarh became part of United Rajasthan.

Kushalgarh :

A hideaway (chiefship) in Banswara was the Kushalgarh, whose activist Mr. Doshi went to jail due to participating in the Quit India Movement. He established the Republic in 1940. In 1946, Pannalal Trivedi became the President of the People's Party. In 1948, Kushalgarh became a popular cabinet and in 1949, it became part of the joint Rajasthan.

Shahpura :

During the reign of Ummmed Singh, ruler of Shahpura, there was a national movement in the state. In 1938, Manikyalal Verma established the people in Shahpura. At the time of the Quit India Movement of 1942, the Praja Mandal asked the ruler to break up with the British. Ramesh Chandra Ojha, Laduram Vyas and Lakshminarayan Kantia were made captive. Shahpura Prof. Gokullal Asada was already captive in Ajmer By releasing the captives in 1946, Shaharpura ruler Sudarshandev created a new legislation under the chairmanship of Gokullal, which was implemented on August 14, 1947 in the state and established a popular government under Asa's leadership. First Shahpura and Kishangarh were decided to merge in Ajmer, but due to the opposition of the people, it was canceled on March 25, 1948, Shahpura became merged in the United Rajasthan.

Kishangarh :

Sumer Singh sitting on the throne of Kishangarh in 1947, Sumer Singh sitting Kishangarh Maharaj signed the treaty letter to join the Indian Union before the country was liberated. Earlier it was proposed to merge Kishangarh in Ajmer, but on April 15, 1948, it was merged in Rajasthan.

Jaisalmer :

In Jaisalmer in 1938 Shivshankar Gopa, Jagatmal Jagat, Madan Lal Purohit, Madanlal Jagani and Lal Chandra Joshi established Lok Parishad. The ruler of the state launched a suppression of oppression. When the exiled Sagarmal Gopa in the state came to Jaisalmer after the death of his father, he was imprisoned and tortured in jail, due to which he died on April 4, 1946. Pt Nehru, President of ABPC Public Council, condemned the incident and Jodharpur Public Worker's activist Jaynarayan Vyas came to Jaisalmer, which triggered the movement of the people.

In August 1947, Maharajal Jaisalmer went to Delhi to talk with Jinnah to Jinnah, to join Jinnah to join Jinnah, but VP Menon and Lord Mount Baton foiled the conspiracy and on March 30, 1949 Jaisalmer's The merger took place in Rajasthan.

Sirohi :

Some of Sirohi's activists established the Mandal in Bombay in 1934, whose objective was to establish a responsible government in the confinement of Sir Rao Singh, ruler of Sirohi. On January 23, 1939, Gokul Bhai Bha founded the Praja Mandal in Sirohi and launched the agitation, in which the activists were held captive. In the August Revolution of 1942, there was a movement in Sirohi. Tej Singh was sitting on Sirohi's throne in 1946, but Abhishek Singh was placed on the throne when the public was restored. Abu Dhabi Sirohi was returned back on August 5, 1947, and Jawaharlal Sindhi, the representative of the people in the Cabinet, was inducted.