Introduction :- 

Indian model of federalism is called quasi-federal system as it contains major features of both a federation and union. It can be better phrased as ‘federation sui generis‘ or federation of its own kind.

Article 1 of the Constitution of India states that ‘India that is Bharat shall be a union of states’. Indian federation was not a product of coming together of states to form the federal union of India. It was rather a conversion of a unitary system into a federal system. It is a compromise between two conflicting considerations such as autonomy enjoyed by states within the constitutionally prescribed limit (State List) and the need for a strong centre in view of the unity and integrity of the country (Union List).

Federal Features of the India Union :- 

Two governments, i.e.,  Union Government and State governments :-

• Division of powers between the union and its constituents (Seventh Schedule of the Constitution contains three lists such as the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List)
• Supremacy of the Constitution (Basic structure of the Constitution is made indestructible by the Judiciary)
• Partial rigidity of the Constitution
• Independent Judiciary
• Bicameralism
• Unitary Features of the Constitution

A strong centre – The Union Government becomes all powerful in certain times like emergencies. Article 200 of the Constitution of India demands that the States must comply with the central laws. Other features include :-

• Single Constitution.
• Single citizenship.
• Flexibility of Constitution.
• Integrated judiciary.
• Appointment of the Centre.
• All India Services.
• Emergency provisions.

Importance of Cooperative Federalism :- 

• Federalism is the most relevant factor of modern constitutionalism. The core objectives of Indian federalism are unity in diversity, devolution in authority, and decentralization in administration. Through federalism, the State pursues the goal of common welfare in the midst of wide diversity in socio-cultural, economic spheres.
• Cooperative federalism is the concept which reflects the relationship between centre and state where they both come together and resolve the common problems with each other’s’ cooperation. With the collaborative efforts and cooperation, different level of governments in an amicable manner, contributes towards the growth of the country.
• It shows the horizontal relationship between union and states and shows neither is above the other. To ensure this relationship between centre and state, Indian constitution has incorporated certain instruments like inter-state council, Zonal council, 7th schedule etc. Indian model of federalism is called quasi-federal system as it contains major features of both a federation and union. Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government, declaring it to be a “Union of States”.
• In 1974, when the Supreme Court commented on the Constitution envisaging a cooperative federal structure, federalism has come a long way in India. In relation to the imposition of President’s rule under Article 356 of the Constitution, federalism is far more mature.
• Between 1947 and 1977, there were 44 instances when the power to impose President’s rule was exercised. Between 1977 and 1996, the power was exercised almost 59 times. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s cabinet resorted to the power an estimated 50 times in her 14 years.
• From 1991 till 2016, there have been 32 instances of the exercise of this power compared to 92 instances in the preceding period. In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the limitation laid down by the Supreme Court might have placed gentle breaks on exercise of this power (President’s Rule), but the Centre continues to wield superior legislative powers, including residuary powers and legislative precedence.
• Taxation powers are contentious issue and the Central government has won most of the disputes purely due to express provisions in the Constitution. In the Goods and Services Tax (GST) scenario, States have foregone some taxation powers (octroi, entry tax, luxury and entertainment taxes, etc.) but have powers to levy taxes through panchayats and municipalities.
• Such powers can result in an anomalous situation of a transaction being taxed under GST laws and a local law, and this is yet to be tested in court. After the GST amendments to the Constitution, States have power to levy tax on sale of petrol, diesel, etc. and these would be revenues of the respective States. However, the GST Council is yet to recommend inclusion of these items under GST.
• The southern States have been vocal about the false positives and negatives from tax sharing and this mechanism is largely subject to the recommendations of the Finance Commission (FC) and action by Parliament. State levies and State GST form part of a State’s revenue. Under Article 269A(1) the GST Council and not the FC has the powers to make recommendations in relation to sharing of taxes from inter-State trade.

Finance Sharing :- 

Anomalies in the interpretation of the constitution with respect to the taxation laws:

• ARTICLE 269A(1): Under Article 269A(1), the GST Council and not the Finance Commission, has the powers to make recommendations in relation to sharing of taxes from inter-State trade. This is important, since States have a vote in the GST Council.
• ARTICLE 270(1)(A) & 270(2): They provide that taxes levied under the GST laws will be shared in the manner prescribed in Article 270(2), which takes us to the Finance Commission and not the GST Council.
• The possible anomaly between roles and powers of the Finance Commission and the GST Council has not been tested, but it may make sharing of these revenues subject matter of the Finance Commission and Parliament rather than the GST Council, where States have more powers.
• Recommendations of the Finance Commission are placed before Parliament and States have no role in the debate.
• There is also no provision for an aggrieved State to challenge the report of Finance Commission on certain grounds or seek mandatory enforcement of its recommendations.
• If a State is aggrieved by the recommendations itself, an aggrieved State would have to litigate in the Supreme Court as it appears that the GST Council is yet to establish a mechanism for resolving differences in terms of Article 279A(11).

Conclusion :- 

To bring competition, the centre should cooperate with the states by providing necessary autonomy in their policy making and allocating them the required funds to spend based on their own priorities. Cooperative federalism and competitive federalism are not mutually exclusive instead they both are two sides of the same coin. Both should be equally present for the development of a nation as a whole.

The cooperation forms the ground base on which competition can begin. There has to be a balance between cooperative and competitive federalism. States don’t merely seek parity with each other, historically States have also sought parity with the Centre as suggested and recommended in Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions. In an era of coalition politics, GST council and its mechanism to solve the disputes to arise will be a true test of cooperative federalism.