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Punjab Under Mughals - Ranjit singh period

PUNJAB UNDER MUGHALS

Mughal empire was founded by Babur. He had total 5 expedition. In his 5^th expectation. Babur fought Battle of Panipat in 1526 and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi on one hand he ended Delhi Sultanate and on other, he founded Mughal Empire.
In 1530, Babur was succeeded by Humayun. He appointed his brother Kamraan as Governor of Punjab. It was concedered his mistake because Kamroan was a weak ruler.
In 1556, Humayun was succeeded by Akbar. Akbar was in Kalanaur (Gurdaspur) when he got the news of death of his father. Later Akbar was coronated in Kalanaur itself.
Akbar fought famous battle of Panipat in 1556 with Hemu. It provided political stability to Mughal empire.
Akbar appointed Muhammad Khan Kalan, Hussain Quli Khan, Shah Quli Khan, Saiyal Khan, as Punjab Governers
Akbar made Lahore as capital of Mughal empire between 1585 to 1598. This steps was taken because of Turbulent conditions is Kabul and Kashmir.
Akbar constructed one chritchen churd in Lahore which represents secular and liberal nature of Akbar.
Akbar was succeeded by Jahangir. Lahore fascinated Jahangir. He undertook many construction works in Lahore.
He constructed Khawabgah in Lahore.
He constructed Tomb of Mehr-ul-Nissa (Anarkali) in Lahore.
He completed Moti Masjid in Lahore fort.
He also constructed the structure of his own tomb in Lahore.
He constructed Shalimar bagh in Lahore.
Jahangir also caused the Martyrdom of 5^th Sikh Guru, Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He also arrested 6th Sikh Guru, Sri Guru Hargobind ji who was later released with intervension of Sir Mia mir.
Shah Jahan succeeded Jahangir. He first appointed Ali Mardan as Punjab Governor. In 1639, Dara Shikah succeeded Ali Mardan Khan as Punjab Governor.

Guru Arjun Dev Ji

The day of martyrdom of Shri Guru Arjun Dev ji changed the epoch in Indian history. It changed the attitude of Sikh Community. The Sikh saints became Sikh saint soldiers. Later Guru Sahibs began to represents the worldly affairs also along with spiritual affairs.
Causes of Martyrdom
(1) The hostile attitude of Prithi Chand, or Prithia proved important cause in this regard. He thought himself real claimant of Gurugaddi. He was elder son of Guru Ram Dass ji. He spoiled the ear of Mughal authority.
(2) The enmity of Naqashbandi group was another factor behind the martyrdom of Guruji. It was a group of orthodox muslim who were jealous of growing popularity of Guruji. Its leader was `Faizi Sirhindi’. Its headquarter was in Sirhind. It continuously complaints against Guruji to Mughal authority.
(3) Enemity of Chandu Shah also proved important cause in this regard. He was a important figure of the region. He proposed marriage of his daughter to Hargobind ji, Son of Shri Guru Arjan Dev ji. However on public demand Guruji refused this proposal. So he became enemy of Guruji.
(4) Meeting with Prince Khusrao also proved a significant cause. It is said that while on revolt, Prince Khusrao met Guruji and he blessed him victory. It was taken note of by Jahangir.
(5) J.N. Sarkar is of the opinion that, execution of Guruji was a case of suppression of State within state. There was apprehension with Mughals that, Sikh Gurus, might assume political authority.
But in one sense, it was a case of bigotry also. If we study biography of Jahangir, `Tuzak-i-Jahangir’; he wanted to kill Guruji in the name of religion also.
(6) Immediate Cause:- Murtaza Khan, Subedar of Lahore imposed fine of Rs. 1 Lakh against Guruji. Guruji refused to pay such fine. Mughals declared Guruji as tax defaulter and announced punishment of torcher to death.
On May 30, 1606, Guruji Arjan Dev ji was put to death in Lahore, on bank of river Ravi. It is said that Guruji at last expressed desire to take bath in river Ravi and after it he got martyr.
Composition of Guru Arjan Dev ji
1. Sukhmani Sahib.
2. Bavan Akhari
3. Baran Mah (Rag Mah)
4. Chhe Varan
5. Shabad Hazare
6. Cho Bole
7. Shalah Sahikrity
Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev sowed the seeds of militarization of Sikh community. His successor and son Guru Har Gobind (1606-1645) ordered Sikhs to take to arms and defend themselves. To render practical shape to his lofty ideals he himself started wearing two swords on his person to emblem – spiritual (piri) and temporal (miri) authority.
His military designs and victories (he successfully fought three battles against Mughal forces) invited Jehangir’s wrath towards him. Jehangir got the Guru imprisoned for 12 years in the Gwalior Fort.
Guru Har Gobind also got the Akal Takhat completed near the Golden Temple at Amritsar. He appointed his grandson Har Rai as his successor. Their great soul passed away in peace at Kartarpur in 1645. Though Guru Har Rai (1645-1661) never meddled in politics or warfare yet he never discouraged the military spirit of the Sikhs. He passed away in 1661 at Kartarpur but before his death he appointed his younger son har Kishan aged five as his successor.
Guru Harkishan (1661-64) got an attack of small pox which proved fatal. While on death bed Guru Har Kishan sent the insignia of Guru-Gaddi to Teg Bahadur the youngest brother of Guru Har Rai.
The youngest son of the first warrior-Guru, Guru Har Gobind and grandson of first martyr Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Tegh Bahadur (1664-75) yet proved to be another martyr by laying down his life against the bigotry and the tyranny of Aurangzeb against the Hindus.
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered the Guru to choose between the conversion to Islam or execution. Guru gladly accepted the later and on 11 November, 1675 the Guru was executed at a place in Chandni Chowk Delhi where Sis Ganj Gurudwara stands today. His martyrdom inflamed the Sikhs and they organized themselves into a full fledged military force under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh (1675-1708).

Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

The martyrdom of Shri Guru Teg Bahadur ji brought him the honour of HIND DI CHADAR. He sacrificed his life for the sake of communal harmony between Hindus and Sikhs.
Causes of Execution order
1. There was deep ongoing confrontation between Mughals and Sikhs. The growing popularity of Guru Sahibs, too increased this confrontation. Mughals had apprehension of Gurus might assume political authority.
2. Fanatic attitude of Aurangzeb too caused the martyrdom of Guruji. There was many instances which prove that he was a bigotry ruler.
3. Missionary tours of Guru Teg Bahadur ji. was eye opening for Mughals. These tours proved that Guruji had equal popularity in East India also.
4. Negashbandi here too played negative role. They continuously spoiled the ears of Mughal authority against Guru Sahibs.
5. The enemity of Dhirmal and Ram Rai too proved a factor. Both developed their own sects namely Dhirmaliye and Ram Raiye respectively. They use to speak against Guruji.
6. Immediate Cause:- The cause of Kashmiri Pandit proved Immediate cause for execution of Guruji. It is said that Kashmiri Pandits were forced to convert to Islam. They approached Guruji. Guruji conveyed massage to Mughal authority to force him for convision first and all the Pandits would be converted.
On December 11, 1675, Guruji was executed in Chandni Chawnk Delhi. Bhai Mati Dass ji and Bhai Sati Dass ji were also torchered to death. The place is now decorated with Sisganj Sahib Gurdwara Bhai Jaita ji picked up the head of Guruji and brought it to Anandpur Sahib where it was creamated Bhai Lakhi Shah picked up the body of Guruji. He put it in his cart, and pulled to his house. Later he set his house on fire for the sake of cremation. That place is now honoured with Rakab Ganj Sahib Gurdwara.
His entire life is a record of heroism and self sacrifice. It was Guru Gobind Singh who created Khalsa and raised the Sikhs to the status of a mighty factor in Indian politics. He made the first attempt to overthrow the Mughal Empire in the North.
Besides being a warrior, he was a great patron of art and learning. Himself an excellent poet he also promoted the construction of forts. His four sons were sacrificed in battles against tyranny and bigotry but he never got perturbed. His last days were spent in the Deccan and he died at the hands of an Afghan fanatic in 1708 at Nand Pur on the banks of Godawari. He left behind a trusted lieutenant Lachman Das, who was renamed Banda Singh Bahadur.

GURU GOBIND SINGH JI

Born - December 26, 1666
Place of Birth – Patna Sahib
Father – Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
Mother – Mata Gujri Ji
Guru Ji spent his first six years in Patna. Then came to Makhowal. (Anandpur Sahib).
In 1675, Guruji assumed Gurugaddi after the martyrdom of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
During minor age of Guruji his maternal uncle Kirpal Chand Ji took his care.
Wife –
I. Mata Jeeto Ji (married in 1677)
II. Mata Sundri Ji (married in 1685)
III. Sahib Kaur Ji (married in 1701)
Makhowall where Guruji was staying, fall in kingdom of Bhim Chand who developed enemity relation with Guruji. He had apprehension of Guruji carving out political state out of his kingdom. Since he was a staunch Hindu, he could not tolerate. Guruji condemnation of Hindu rituals.
Viewing the bitter relation between Guruji and Bhim Chand, Medni Parkash, King of Nahan, invited Guruji to stay in nahan. Guruji went there but soon began to look for a safe place for permanent residence Guruji soon shifted to Paonta Sahib. The city developed by Guruji (Paonta mean Paon + Tika putting foot).
While staying in Paonta Sahib Guruji wrote Akal ustat, Krishan Avtar, Shashtar nam mala, Chandi Di Var and Bachiter Natak (Later written)

Important Wars

Battle of Bhangani – 1686
The battle was fought between Guruji forces and hill king alliance led by Bhim Chand. He was enemy and jealour of Guru ji rising popularity. In 1686 he along with other king attack Guru ji only to face defeat at the place name Bhangani.
After the battle of Bhangnai Guruji came back to Anandpur Sahib. He constructed four fort viewing future war prepareness including Anandgarh, Fatehgarh , Lohgarh, Bholgarh
Battle of Nadaun – 1688
After the battle of Bhangani, all hill chief stopped to pay annual tribute to Mughal authority.
Soon hill chief got apprehension of war with Mughals. So they approached Guruji to provide leadership against Mughals.
Soon Mughal attacked hill chief. Both the forces met at place Nadaun. Guruji provided leadership to all Hill chiefs.
Mughals forces first led by Rustam Khan, then Hussain Khan, then Zaffar Khan. In last when Prince Muazzam led the Mughal forces, both side came to an agreement to avoid the war.
In his agreement all hill chief accepted to pay annual tribute to Mughal authority.

Foundation of Khalsa Panth

It was founded on April 13, 1699 in Anandpur Sahib in Keshgarh fort in big conference called upon by Guruji.
Panj Piyares were Daya Singh, Dharam Singh , Himmat Singh, Muhkam Singh, Sahib Singh
Guruji administrated Khande Da Pahul to these Panj Piyare and also got the same from Panj Piyare
Guruji also served Five “K” upon his disciple and gave the name “Singh and Kaur” to his followers. Five `K’ are Kachh, Karha, Kes, Kirpan, Kangha
Battle of Anandpur Sahib, 1701
The establishment of Khalsa Panth raised Guruji popularity on zenith. It also raised apprehension of all hill chief of Guruji assuming political authority.
All chief led by Bhim Chand besieged the fort of Anandpur.
In order to avoid war, Guruji Shifted to Nirmoh.
In 1702, Bhim Chand and his allies attached Guruji in Nirmoh. Mughal authority also supported Bhim Chand in battle of Nirmoh just to face defeat in hands of Guruji.
2^nd Battle of Anandpur -1704
All hill chief soon approached Mughal King and told the story of consecutive defeat.
Mughal King Aurangzeb order Wazir Khan, the subedar of Sirhind to face Guru Gobind Singh ji and to bring him in Mughal court.
Wazir Shah led the Mughal force to besiege fort of Anandpur.
When the battle was hardpassed, 40 Guruji soldier wrote Bedawa and left Guruji in between.
On one Night Guruji escaped from the fort.
Uday Singh led the force to stop Mughal force at Tibbi Sahib. He and his soldier lost their life in battle field. The place is now Tibbi Sahib.
From Anandpur Sahib Guruji went to Sirsa. In Sirsa, Mata Gujri and two younger son of Guruji got separated of Guruji two younger son, Zarawar Singh and Fathe Singh were arrested and later bricked alive in Sirhind on order of Wazir Khan.
Battle of Chamkaur
Guruji with two elder son and his force went to Chamkaur. Mughal forces followed hot pursuit. In this battle two elder son, Ajit Singh and Zujhar Singh got martyrdom.
Guruji escaped from Chamkaur to jungle of Machhiwarha. Wazir Khan was still following Guruji with large force.
Here, in Machhiwarha, Guruji was entrapped from all side by Mughal force. Two old disciple of Guruji, Nabhi Khan and Ghani Khan helped Guruji to escape. They prepared Guruji as UCH DA PIR and led the procession away from Mughal forces.
From here Guruji reached Dina, where his old master Pir Muhammad was staying Guruji stayed at his house and wrote Zaffarnama in Pharsi in the name of Aurangzeb. Two servant, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh were handed over Zaffarname to reach to Mughal court.
Battle of Khidrana – 1705
It was a last battle between Guruji and Mughal forces. Mughal force attacked Guruji force in place Khidrana. Those 40 soldiers who left Guruji in 2^nd battle of Anandpur Sahib, joined Guruji in this battle. All were died in this battle Guruji blessed them Muqti (Salvation). So the place came to be known as Muqatsar.
When Aurangzeb read Zaffarnama, he ordered to withdraw all operational against Guruji.
From Mukatsar Guruji went to Talwandi Guruji took breath here. He took deep rest here so the place came to be known as Dam Dama Sahib.
While staying here, Guruji wrote DASAM GRANTH and he also updated Adi Granth. He included hymn of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur ji in Adi Granth. Damdama Sahib also came to be known as `Guru Ki Kashi’.
From here Guruji went to Nanded, (Maharashtra). In nanded Guruji met Lachhman Dass (Banda Bahadur)
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and succeeded by Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah developed good relation with Guruji. He bestowed the Mansab of 8000 to Guruji.
On October 7, 1708, Guruji died because an attack by a unknown Pathan with dagger.

ADI Granth

Adi Granth is holy book which provide Independent identity to Sikh religion. It was composed by Shri Guru Arjan Dev ji. It was composed in place known as Ram Sar, in Amritsar in 1604. It was narrated by Guru Arjan Dev ji and written by Bhai Gurdas ji. The completed Adi Granth was installed in Harimandir Sahib. The first Granthi was Baba Budhaji. The hymns composition is
(1) Guru Nanak Dev ji - 976
(2) Guru Angad Dev ji - 61
(3) Guru Amar Das ji - 907
(4) Guru Ram Dass ji - 679
(5) Guru Arjan Dev ji - 2216
(6) Guru Teg Bahadur ji - 115
Guru Gobind Singh ji later updated Adi Granth while staying in Damdama Sahib. He added the Hymns of Guru Teg Bahadur ji in Adi Granth. There are hyms of 16 Bhagats included in Adi Granth. These Bhagats are as follow:-
Jai Dev Sur Dass
Baba Farid Bhikan
Nam Dev Beni
Trilochan Pipa
Permanand Sen
Rama Nand Ram Das
Kabir Ravi Das
Dhanna Sadna
Adi Granth is classified in 31 pages broadly. Adi Granth was later honoured to with Status of Guru, and began to be call Shri Guru Granth Sahib.

AHMAD SHAH ABDALI

Ahmad Shah Abdali an officer, in Nadir Shah’s army accompanied him in his campaign against India. This sharp-eyed and ambitious person had seen the inherent weakness of the Mughal Empire. After the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, Ahmad Shah Abdali became an independent ruler of Afghanistan. He called himself Durri-i-Durran i.e. the pearl of the age, and his clan came to be known as Surrani.
Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India four times between 1748 and 1751 and inflicted very serious and grievous injuries to Punjab and Punjab was incorporated in the Durrani Empire.
In 1745-46, Shah Nawaj became Governor of Punjab. He actually usurped to office, so his position was not secure. He approached Mughal King to appoint him Governor legally. However he refused to recognize him as Governors.
Shah Nawaj decided to invite Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and appoint him Governor of Punjab after conquering it.
Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Punjab in 1748. it was his first attack. When Mughal came to known about Ahmad Shah Abdali attack. They asked Shah Nawaj to repulse the attack it cleared his way to be Punjab Governor. He gave tough resistance to Ahmad Shah Abdali but was defeated.
After defeating Shah Nawaj, Ahmad Shah Abdali marched towards Delhi. Mir Mannu was Governors of Delhi who defeated Ahmad Shah Abdali and forced him to get back to Kabul.
In 1752, Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked again. Now Mir Mannu was Governor of Punjab. He defeated Mir Mannu but appointed him Governor of Punjab from his own side not as appointee of Mughals.
VADDA GHALLUGHARA
In his 6^th attack in 1762, Punjab witnessed in Vadda Ghallegha (mass massacre). Abdali force got information of gathering of Sikh forces in village Kup in Malerkotla. Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Zia Khan to engage Sikh forces. In morning of February 5, 1762. Ahmad Shah Abdali had a massive attack. More than 50,000 Sikh soldiers were killed. This is known as Vadda Ghallughara.
Ahmad Shah Abdali had total 9 attack against Punjab. The last attack was in 1769. However, he could not crush Sikh forces.
CHHOTA GHALLUGHARA – 1745
During the years of 1740s, Yahia Khan was Punjab Governor. He was very cruel. During his time Sikh forces were formed into guerrilla groups. He got information of gathering of Sikh forces near river Ravi. He attacked with large forces. He drifted Sikh forces towards river Beas. On the Bank of river Beas, Sikh forces were entrapped from all side. 7000 Sikh soldiers were killed in a pitched battle. It is known as Chhota Ghallughara in Punjab history.

BHAI MANI SINGH JI – 1738

Bhai Mani Singh was disciple of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Later he began to take care of Sri Harmandir Sahib. During 1730, Zakaria Khan was Governer of Punjab. In 1738 passed on order not to celebrate Diwali in Harimandir Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh ji approached him. However, he allowed to celebrate Diwali on paying of Rs. 10,000. But on the eve of Diwali he attacked Amritsar. Bhai Mani Singh ji could not collect the required money. For not paying such money Bhai Mani Singh ji was declared tax defaulter. He was tourchered to death in 1738 Punjab history remember him as martyre of Punjab.

DALL KHALSA

Banda Bahadur was executed in 1716. After the death of Banda Bahadur, Sikh community became leaderless and directionless also. They farmed their small groups and became guerrilla.
People of Sikh community were thinking to organize Sikh Community. There was lack of coordination among different groups.
In 1734, a grand conference was called with efforts of KAPUR SINGH FAIZALPURIA. He formed DAL KHALSA.
It was a organization to control the activities of whole of Sikh Community. It was also to provide leadership to Sikh forces against cruel Mughals.
Dal Khalsa was divided into two parts.
Budha Dall
Taruna Dall
Budha Dall was a guiding organization within Dal Khalsa. The member of Budha Dall were those who once had worked with Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. They were old people, a small group in general provide guidance to Taruna Dall.
Taruna Dall was a group of youngest within Dall Khalsa. It was a large group whose duty was to prepare for war. Taruna Dall works under the guidance of Budha Dall.
Later JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA became leader of Dal Khalsa. He started RAKHI SYSTEM. It imply any smaller kingdom not be attacked if she pay tribute to Dall Khalsa.
Later JASSA SING AHLUWALIA divide Dall Khalsa into 12 parts. Each part was given distinct identity, flag, area, name and a leader.
These group were commonly called MISLS. Misl mean equality. Slowly these 12 misls developed their area of influence in this respects areas. Since these misls became powerful. Soon Dall Khalsa began to loose its relevancy.

Rise of Raja Ranjit Singh

In one of these Misis, the Suker Chakias, Ranjit Singh was born on November 2, 1780 at Gujranwala who was destined to build a mighty edifice of Sikh kingdom. As a great warrior and organizer, he brought all the Misis under his control. “His greatest achievement consisted in affecting a marvelous transformation of the warning Sikh states into a compact national monarchy”. In his time the Sikh Kingdom extended from Khyber pass to the Sutlej and from Sind to Ladakh.
His reign (1778-1839), though not long, is significant because of its concept of dharma entwined with the practice of secularism.
Ranjit Singh encircled himself with an array of strong generals and soldiers. They were men from different clans, castes and regions and religions.
These included: Hari Singh Nalwa, Dewan Mokham Chand, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and his son Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Ghaus Mohammad Khan, Shaikh Elahi Baksh, Veer Singh later Jallaha of Gurdaspore, Sawan Mal, Sardar Sangat Singh Saini, Sher Singh, Zorawar Singh, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, Balbhadra Kunwar - Gorkhali General who served for Ranjit Singh after the Anglo-Gorkha war (1814-1816), Mahan Singh Mirpuri
Among his European Mercenary Generals were: Jean-François Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura - Italian (Modena), Paolo Di Avitabile - Italian (Naples), Claude August Court - French
The only American mercenary was: Alexander Gardner

Maharaja Ranjit Singh Relation with Britishers

In 1800 British sent Yusuf Ali with certain gifts and a massage. The massage was not to alliegn with Zamaan Shah. It was because Britishers concedered Zamaan Shah their enemy. Zamaan Shah was ruler of Kabul.
In 1806, Britisher concluded treaty of “Treaty of peace and Friendship” with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. As per treaty, Ranjit Singh was not suppose to support Marathas in South West India and on the other hand. Britishers would not interfere into internal affairs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Treaty of Amritsar April 25, 1809.
The background of treaty lies, when Ranjit Singh frequently began to cross Satluj and subjugate smaller kingdoms between Satluj and Yamuna. It was direct confrontation with Britishers because all these kingdom use to pay annual tribute to Britishers. The activities of Ranjit Singh also raised the question of sovereignty.
The Rise of Ranjit Singh was parallel to rise of Nepolian Bonapart in Europe. Nepolian was giving war threat to Britishers in Europe by his continental theory. Britishers got apprehension that Nepolian could come upto India to defeat Britishers.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was aware about rise of Nepolian. So he put forward many such demands before Britishers which were unacceptable. e.q. accept him as head of Sikh nation. Whereas Britishers wanted to contain Ranjit Singh to the North of Satluj.
Metcalf played the role of Interlocutar between Britishers and M. Ranjit Singh. Britishers wanted to retain Ranjit Singh in the mouth of North West India.
In 1809, the downfall of Nepolian encouraged Britishers to pressurize M. Ranjit Singh for such treaty. Both side began to prepare for war. In between Metcalf broke the ground for treaty of Amritsar. The treaty was signed on April 25, 1809 in Amritsar.
As per treaty M. Ranjit Singh was not to cross Satluj toward South. He was open to establish Sikh State in the North of Satluj. In return Britishers would be friendly with Ranjit Singh and would not interfere into internal affairs of 2^nd Sikh state.
Tripalite treaty of 1838
In 1830s, British got apprehension of Russian attack crossing Afghanistan. British decided to have treaty with Dost Muhammad, the rules of Kabul. But Dost Muhammad demand Peshawar in return which was a province of M. Ranjit Singh.
British were not in a mood to fight with Ranjit Singh. The friendship of Ranjit Singh was more valuable for Britisher then support of Dost Muhammad.
British decided to replace Dost Muhammad with Shah Shuja the representative of old ruling clan.
British asked Ranjit Singh to support mission to replace Shah Shuja in place of Dost Muhammad.
In first instance Ranjit Singh refused because he was unable to afford British on both side North and South.
But British pressurized Ranjit Singh. They threatened to go for alliance with Shah Shuja on this own.
In this way three parties, signed Tripatite Treaty of June 27, 1839. Shah Shuja was put on thrown of Afghanistan. When treaty was in progress, Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in 1839.

Important ministers of Ranjit Singh

Prime Minister (or Wajir) - Raja Dhyan Singh
Foreign Minister - Faqir Aziz-ud-Din
Finance Minister- (i) Bhawani Das, (ii) Dina Nath
Commander-in-chief-(i) Diwan Mohkam Chand, (ii) Misr Diwan Chand, (iii) Hari Singh Nalva
Home Minister (Deodidar)-Jamadar Khushhal Singh

Important Departments

Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal (Income Department) - It was divided into four parts.
I. Daftar-i-Mall – For land Revenue records
II. Daftar-i-Sairat – Octrai tax and tax collection from mines and salt.
III. Daftar-i-Wajahat – Income from in toxicant like Bhang and Opium.
IV. Daftar-i-Nazarana – Income from gifts and annual taxes.
Daftar-i-Abdual-ul-Tehweel – This department keep accounts of salaries of all employees and keep records of small expenditure.
Daftar-i-Akhrajat – This department keep records of expenditure, on Jagirs, govt factories buildings and royal elephant, horse and camels.
Daftar-i-Mawajib – Payment to civil and military officials of higher rank.
Daftar-i-Madal-e-Kharach – Records of grants-in shape of help, charities and pension.
Daftar-i-Roznamcha – It was record of day to day expenditure of Maharaja and his associates.
Daftar-i-Toshakhana – It was treasury wherein, important articles of Maharaja were kept for security purpose.
Four province of Ranjit Singh Kingdom were Suba-i-Lahare, Suba-i-Kashmir, Suba-i-Multan, Suba-i-Peshawar
The head of the province was called Nizam, equal to Governer, during British period.

Important book related Ranjit Singh

In Persian language
Udmat-ul-Twaraikh - Munshi Sohan Lal Suri
Zafarnama-i-Ranjit Singh - Diwan Amarnath
Tarikh-i-Punjab - Gulam Mahi-ud-Din
Tarikh-i-Sikhan - Khushwant Rai
Char Bag-i-Punjab - Ganesh Dass
Ibratnama - Mufti Ali-ud-Din
Khalsanama - Babhat Mal
In English
Travels into Bokhara - Burn
Travels of Himalayan province - Murkfat
Five Year in India - Henerry Fane
The Punjab - Steinbach
The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh -Osborne
Origin of the Sikh Power in Punjab and life of Ranjit Singh -Henery Princep
History of Punjab - Murray
History of the Reigning family of Lahore -Major Carmiachel Smyth
History of Sikhs - W.L. Mcgregor
Our Relation with Punjab , Narrative of Services military and political - wades
Thirty Five Year in East - Martin Hongberger
History of Sikh - by Cumingham
“The Last Sunset : Rise and fall of Lahore Darbar” by Capt. Amrinder Singh
“After Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death (in June, 1839) his achievements began to crumble rapidly owing to the incompetence of his successors and the intrigues of his generals and ministers. One weak ruler after another was deposed in quick succession, till in 1843 Dalip Singh, a minor, was acknowledged as king with his mother, Rani Jindan, as regent. The final collapse came almost as a result of the two Anglo Sikh Wars, which followed each other in succession and the Punjab was at last annexed by Lord Dalhousie in March, 1849”.