Context:

• The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) has announced a significant initiative to establish specialized Mountain Battalions aimed at addressing the evolving security challenges in Jammu and Kashmir.

Key Points:

• This strategic shift in counter-terrorism operations is particularly pertinent given the region's rugged terrains, which have become increasingly utilized by terrorist groups.

Evolving security landscape in Jammu and Kashmir

• Over the years, terrorist groups operating in J&K have adapted their strategies, shifting from urban centers to remote mountainous regions.
• These areas, characterized by dense forests and high altitudes, offer natural cover for militants, complicating counter-insurgency operations. The CRPF has observed a marked increase in attacks launched from these terrains against security forces and civilians, necessitating a specialized response.
• J&K remains one of India's most volatile regions, with frequent cross-border infiltration and insurgent activities. The Line of Control (LoC) and districts such as Kupwara and Doda are recognized as hotspots for militant operations. The harsh weather conditions, including sub-zero temperatures and heavy snowfall, further complicate operations for conventional battalions, which are primarily trained for urban and semi-urban environments.

The need for specialized Mountain Battalions

• Currently, the CRPF has 62 battalions deployed across J&K, focusing mainly on urban counter-insurgency roles.
• The establishment of Mountain Battalions aims to fill a critical gap in the force's operational capabilities, enabling them to effectively engage in high-altitude combat and counter-terrorism operations. These specialized units will undergo rigorous training in mountain warfare tactics, survival skills, navigation in rugged terrains, and high-altitude combat techniques. Training will also emphasize physical endurance, preparing personnel to operate in extreme conditions where temperatures can plummet to -30°C.
• To support this initiative, the CRPF has proposed the creation of 659 new posts for these battalions, including roles focused on intelligence gathering, which is crucial for preemptive operations in remote areas. Existing battalions may initially be retrained while new ones are raised over time, ensuring a gradual and effective transition to this specialized operational framework.

Integration of Advanced Technology

• The operational effectiveness of the Mountain Battalions will be significantly enhanced through the integration of advanced surveillance equipment.
• Tools such as drones, night-vision devices, and thermal imaging cameras will be employed to improve situational awareness and operational efficiency. This technological integration will enable the CRPF to conduct targeted operations against militants hiding in high-altitude regions, thereby reducing their operational freedom and enhancing the overall security landscape in Jammu and Kashmir.