Explanation:

- Option 1: Overgrazing

- Overgrazing occurs when animals feed too much on vegetation.

- This leads to soil erosion, as the protective plant cover is removed.

- Option 2: Mulching

- Mulching involves covering the soil with organic or inorganic materials.

- It conserves soil moisture, reduces erosion, and adds nutrients.

- Option 3: Deforestation

- Deforestation is cutting down trees, leading to soil degradation.

- It increases the risk of erosion by removing tree roots that hold soil in place.

- Option 4: Landslides

- Landslides usually occur on steep slopes.

- They result in severe soil displacement and erosion.