Explanation:

- Carbon dating relies on the radioactive decay of Carbon-14 (C-14), which is an unstable isotope of carbon.

- Over time, C-14 decays into Nitrogen-14 (N-14) through a process called beta decay.

- Here are the given options explained:

- Option 1: C-11 – C-11 is also a radioactive isotope of carbon, but C-14 does not decay into C-11.

- Option 2: N-14 ?? – This is the correct answer. C-14 decays into N-14 by emitting a beta particle.

- Option 3: C-16 – C-16 is another unstable isotope, but is not formed from C-14 decay.

- Option 4: N-12 – N-12 is a very unstable isotope of nitrogen and not the product of C-14 decay.

- So, in summary, C-14 transforms into N-14 during radioactive decay.