Explanation:

- Option 1: The principles are guidelines to action.

- Management principles provide a framework that guides managers in decision-making and action-taking.

- Option 2: The principles denote a cause and effect relationship.

- These principles often outline predictable outcomes. If a specific management action is taken, a particular result is expected.

- Option 3: Principles help the manager to take decisions while performing various management functions.

- They offer a foundation for managers to make informed and effective decisions across different management functions.

- Option 4: All of the above.

- This option combines all the above points, emphasizing that management principles serve as guidelines, illustrate cause and effect, and support decision-making.

Answer: Option 4 - All of the above.

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